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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who holds the great amount of diversity among vertebrates? Who is the oldest?
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Fish!
25,000-50,000 Most primitive |
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Class Agnatha
What subclasses within? |
Jawless fish; generally parasitic
Cartilaginous skeleton, no ventral fins, slimy Includes the subclasses Cephalospidomorphi and Myxinin |
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Cephalospidomorphi
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Lamprey (ectoparasite)
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Myxini
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Hagfish
-Eat from inside out Scavenger parasite |
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Sharks, rays, skates,
-Cartilage, placoid scales, jaws, teeth, no swim bladder, Paired fins, no operculum , heterocercal tail->not symmetrical -Includes subclasses Elasmobranchii and Holocephali |
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First class to have jaws?
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii
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Sharks, skates, rays,
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Subclass Holocephali
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Chimaeras, ratfish, goatfish
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Osteichthyes
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Bony fish, ossified skeleton, have operculum, swimbladder, homocercal tail (symmetrical), ganoid scales
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Word for symmetrical tail
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homocercal
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Crossopterygii
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lobe finned fishes, only one species coelacanth->important in amphibian evolution
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Subclass, Ray finned fishes
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Ray finned fishes
includes super orders: -Chondrostei -Holestie -Teleost |
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Super order chondrostei
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-Most primitive (w/in subclass Ray finned fish)
-Sturgeon, paddle fish -Partially ossified structure |
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Sublass Dipneusti
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Lung fishes, 3 surviving genera, have lungs, can survive out of water, burrowing (found in Africa burrow in mud, put mucous coating around them, live where it dries up for a time)
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Superorder: Holestei
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Bowfin, gar, (partly ossified.
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Superorder Teleostei
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Modern bony fish; completely ossified.
Perch, sunfish, most ocean fish, salmon |
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Coelomates
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3 body cavities, mesodermal pari
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Pseudocoelomates
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Developed from blastocele, mot mesoderm
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Deuterostomes
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Blastopore becomes the anus, second opening becomes . Endoskeleton, echinodermata (sea urchins, starfish) chordates
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Protostomes
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1st opening becomes the mouth-exoskeleton
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Chordate
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Chordates-Have a notochord (rod like structure)
ex: tunicate Chordate was present in humans in womb before backbone develops |
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Vertebrates
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segmented spinal column
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Ancestry and Relationships of fish
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Descended from a common chordate ancestor in the cambrian 600mya. Major branch (form) agnatha and gnathostomes. Next branch (430 mya) Silurian->major fish groups
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Evolution of Jaw
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Presence of spiracle started jaw. Support structure evolved into jaw bone; gill bar
Jaw opens new feeding habitat |
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Fish Physiology: Locomotion: water
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Water is much more dense than air, but provides buoyancy
Slime layer allows them to move through water faster. |
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Fish Physiology: Locomotion mechanism
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fish by a relative force of both body thrust and lateral force along the axis of propulsion; shape of fish
The tail and trunk muscles are in a zig zag formation, helps with movement. -Stiffer the body the quicker it can swim. |
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Fish physiology: Neutral Buoyancy
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Swim bladder
Pneumatic duct or gas gland -See different types-in river easier to get to the top; other need to control internally in greater depths. |
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Type of buoyancy utilized by salmon and trout
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pneumatic duct; connects the esophagus to the swim bladder, this allows the animal to gulp air and inflate the swim bladder.
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Type of buoyancy utilized by most bony fish
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gas gland. Rete mirable (densely packed network of capillaries).
Resorptive area takes O2 out of bladder to blood stream This introduces lactic acid in the blood stream (from anearobic respiration) -Oxygen coming from blood |
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Buoyancy of shark
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Cartilage is denser than water. Look for underwater currents. Squalene- less dense than water, somehwat buoyant, internal live preserver. Heterocoel tail provides "lift"
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Where is squalene produced?
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the liver
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Amictic
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no mixing event
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Dimictic
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2 mixing events
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Meromicitic
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Lake is so deep that there are no mixing events or they are very, very rare.
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Lake Nyos
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Deep area super saturated with w/CO2
Tectonic event turned lake over Suffocate/killed thousands |
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Fall turnover
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-heat budged,
-pH normally lowest at bottom -during fall turnover, this all gets evened out |
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Thermocline, what is stratified?
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Thermocline 2-3 degrees per meter
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Lamprey
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opening of st. Lawrence seaway. (1830 Welland Canal)
2nd welland canal that brings them to lakes MI and SUPERIOR around 1930 and 1940 respectively Larval stage 4-7 years 1950 campaign to release TFM in streams. removed larval population by 95%. Sterile male release program. Bisazir |
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Alewife
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1949 via vanal, 1960 introduced on purpose.
2 years to sexual maturity, lifespan of 4 years. -Osmotically stressed-> temp change can cause a die off |
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Carp
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late 1800's sold commercially in europe as
"Gefilte" |
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Zebra mussel
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1988
Lake St. Clair. Byssal threads->stick tightly 1* theory bilge tanks. 2* theory attach to ropes on boat. Ducks love em! mating on other slide |
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Zebra mussel reproduction
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Serotonin is responsible for releasing eggs and sperm. increase in [Algae] triggers the release
Sperm or egg cause trigger in opposite sex Sperm actively seeks out eggs. Methiothepin is a receptor blocker |
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Ruffe
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highly developed lateral line
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Round goby
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Semalparous lay up to 5,000 eggs
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Chinook salmon
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Anadromous, semelparous
From P. Ocean live 4-5 years found in Great lakes |
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Coho
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anadromous, semelparous
came in the 1960's smaller than king Some evidence suggests self sustaining population in Lake superior Compete/interfere with trout |
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Fecundity
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# of females and the # of eggs laid
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Parental care
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The greater the parental care, the lower the
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Broadcast spawning
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Eggs are semibuoyant, little to no yolk
Ex: Tuna 60 million eggs |
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Scattering-demerseal eggs
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Sink and adhesive, eggs laid in certain areas.
ex: pike |
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Shelter spawning
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Eggs laid in gelatinous strand on substrate to avoid predation.
Ex: perch |
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Nest builders
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Salmon make gravel nests.
Example: reds |
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Nest gaurding
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males gaurd nest
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