Aquaculture 2

Front 1

How would you push the limits on growth?

Back 1

Provide optimal conditions: temp., max photoperiod, available food, and high quality diet

Front 2

What are some non-natural ways to enhance growth?

Back 2

Sex selection, growth selection, hybrids, triploidy, and transgenic fish

Front 3

What is an example of a fish species that undergoes sexual selection?

Back 3

Tilapia males grow faster so males are selected for

Front 4

What are the benefits of having triploidy fish?

Back 4

It makes fish sterile which increases growth and acts as a biological control of the pop.

Front 5

What are transgenic fish?

Back 5

Fish modified with growth hormone genes

Front 6

What are the benefits of a recirculating system?

Back 6

Less water, less land, less predation, higher densities, climate control, less effluent

Front 7

What are disadvantages of a recirculating system?

Back 7

Expensive, higher potential for stress and disease, constant maintenance

Front 8

What are the three kinds of waste?

Back 8

Dissolved, settleable, and suspended

Front 9

What part of a recirc. system catches settleable waste?

Back 9

The sump tank

Front 10

What part of a recirc. system catches suspended waste?

Back 10

The screens over pumps or granular media such as sand or beads

Front 11

What part of a recirc. system catches dissolved waste?

Back 11

The partial water exchange or a foam fractioner in marine systems

Front 12

Draw the nitrogen cycle

Back 12

Front 13

How is biofiltration accomplished?

Back 13

Bacteria on media speeds up the nitrogen cycle

Front 14

What are two methods for disinfecting water?

Back 14

UV lights and ozonation

Front 15

How is CO2 removed from the system?

Back 15

Surface agitation and aeration

Front 16

What causes off-flavor?

Back 16

Cyanobacteria, algae, aktinomycetes

Front 17

What are common reasons for RAS failure?

Back 17

No previous experience, poor engineering tech., sensitive species, labor intensive tech.

Front 18

Where does the word aquaponics come from?

Back 18

Aquaculture and hyrdoponics

Front 19

What is aqauponics?

Back 19

The combined culture of fish and plants with the use of recirculating systems

Front 20

What is the largest factor in land and labor for aquaponics?

Back 20

The plants

Front 21

What are common plants cultured by aquaponics?

Back 21

Tomatoes, lettuce, basil, parsley, mint

Front 22

Define biofloc

Back 22

A bacteria that is algae-like used for feed, biocontrol and water quality management

Front 23

What are two distinct advantages for using biofloc?

Back 23

It lowers turnover rate and water usage

Front 24

What is polyculture?

Back 24

Culturing more than one species within the same system

Front 25

What are common challenges with polyculture?

Back 25

Water quality, feed, and culture capacity vary by species

Front 26

What is a common example of polyculture?

Back 26

Tilapia ponds below houses filled with pigs, chickens, or ducks

Front 27

What are the two types of biofloc water?

Back 27

Green and brown

Front 28

What is green biofloc water?

Back 28

Water that includes light and algae

Front 29

What is brown biofloc water?

Back 29

Water that is inside that does not have natural light or algae

Front 30

What does biofloc do for the culture species?

Back 30

Decreases FCR

Front 31

What are the four types of cage design?

Back 31

Fixed, floating, submersible, and submerged

Front 32

What are factors that determine cage design?

Back 32

Current, waves, distance from shore, likelihood of natural disaster, ease of handling, safety

Front 33

Define a floating cage design

Back 33

A cage that is floating, often a flexible net that is suspended underneath

Front 34

What is the purpose of having doubled up nets?

Back 34

Inner net holds cultured fish while outer net fends off predators

Front 35

What is a common problem with cage culture?

Back 35

Fouling of the nets caused by debri and creature build up

Front 36

What are the goals of conservation aquaculture that differ from commercial?

Back 36

To conserve genetics, mimicking natural behaviors, minimizing artificial selection

Front 37

What are three ways conservation aquaculture benefits from commercial?

Back 37

Culture techniques, reproductive techniques, developed technology

Front 38

Why is conservation aquaculture necessary?

Back 38

To protect diminished or isolated populations and unique species

Front 39

Species that are conserved are normally?

Back 39

Commercially, intrinsically, or ecologically important

Front 40

How is reproduction handled by conservation hatcheries?

Back 40

Wild broodstock is collected, spawned, and then released back into the wild

Front 41

What are conservation species typically fed?

Back 41

Live feed

Front 42

What are forces that diminish genetic diversity?

Back 42

Inbreeding, genetic drift, small pops., hybridization, artificial selection, bottlenecks

Front 43

What are some necessary considerations before starting a conservation program?

Back 43

Genetic assessment of existing pops., genetic management, broodfish capture, end goals

Front 44

What happened to the Kootenai River White Sturgeon population in 1994?

Back 44

Listed as endangered

Front 45

What were the conservation goals for the Kootenai River White Sturgeon?

Back 45

To get most ages represented in the wild and improve the habitat

Front 46

What were the results for the Kootenai River White Sturgeon conservation project?

Back 46

Fish take 1-3 years to acclimate to the wild, and hatchery success didn't necessarily correlate with wild success.

Front 47

What fish are often threatened or endangered?

Back 47

Stream fish, fish with limited distributions, small pop. sizes, and not commercially viable

Front 48

What are the main reasons behind mussel decline?

Back 48

Water flow alterations, habitat alterations, loss of host fish, zebra mussel, pollution, overharvest

Front 49

Draw the hatchery phases graph

Back 49

Front 50

Define single batch rearing

Back 50

Fish of same age reared all at once

Front 51

Define multiple batch rearing

Back 51

Fish spawn over long periods but all batches are raised together

Front 52

Define mixed multiple batch rearing

Back 52

Batches with mixed ages and sizes

Front 53

What are common quarantine protocols?

Back 53

Quarantine all new fish with disinfection/decontamination baths

Front 54

What common household product is used for disinfection/decontamination?

Back 54

Bleach

Front 55

Define recrudescence

Back 55

Gonad growing period

Front 56

What provides the yolk in eggs?

Back 56

Vitellogenin

Front 57

Define iteroparous

Back 57

Repeated spawning

Front 58

Define semelparous

Back 58

Spawn once before death

Front 59

What are exogenous influences on sexual maturity?

Back 59

Temperature, photoperiod

Front 60

What is an endogenous influence on sexual maturity?

Back 60

Hormones

Front 61

What does HPG stand for?

Back 61

Hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads

Front 62

What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary?

Back 62

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Front 63

What hormones are released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the gonads?

Back 63

GTH1 and GTH2

Front 64

What hormones are released by the gonads?

Back 64

Testosterone and estradiol

Front 65

When are salmon fry called molts?

Back 65

When they move to salt water

Front 66

What do male Tilapia, salmon, and trout do to prepare for spawning?

Back 66

Build nests

Front 67

Where does the incubation of Tilapia eggs occur in nature?

Back 67

The female's mouth

Front 68

What is an example of semelparity?

Back 68

Pacific salmon

Front 69

What type of nesters are catfish?

Back 69

Cavity nests

Front 70

Do catfish exhibit parental care?

Back 70

Yes, exhibited by the male

Front 71

What type of fish has incredibly fragile eggs?

Back 71

Halibut

Front 72

Define gynogenesis

Back 72

Development of an egg that is stimulated by a sperm in the absence of any participation of the sperm nucleus.