Aqa Psya Attachment

Front 1

Lorenz

Back 1

We are born with an innate drive to imprint, to whom we don't know.

Front 2

Learning Theory

Back 2

Classical Conditioning
-We learn to associate mum with food and so mum with pleasure.
Operant Conditioning
-Food is our primary reinforcement while mother is secondary
-We learn through punishment and reinforcement

Front 3

Harlow

Back 3

Creature comfort over food.

-unethical
-lack ecological validity
-cannot be generalised

Front 4

Schaffer and Emerson

Back 4

We attach to those who respond to our social releases over those who feed us.

Front 5

Bowlby's Theory
(Evolutionary Theory)

Back 5

This innate drive to imprint originated from animals needing to find someone who would feed and protect them. We attach to those who respond to our social releases. There is a critical period in which a child must form an attachment to avoid social issues later on in life.

Front 6

Tronick

Back 6

African tribe whose children are looked after and feed by other women and sleep with mother at night. They are more attached to their mother (Ainsworth) proving that primary attachment is very important.

Front 7

Grossmann and Grossmann

Back 7

Bowlby over looked Father-Child relationship despite it being proven critical.

Front 8

Hodges and Tizard

Back 8

Children who were placed in care before the age of 4 months had social and IQ issues later on. This supported the critical period.

Front 9

Czech Twins

Back 9

Isolated until the age of 7 however they made a full recovery and could form attachments. This led to the renaming of the Critical Period to the Sensitive Period as I t showed that attachment does not have to be formed in that time. However they did have each other whilst isolated so could have attached to each other early on.

Front 10

Genie

Back 10

Isolated until 14 and never fully recovered. This supports Bowlby's Sensitive Period. However it is difficult to get a before/after picture which may have affected her ability to form attachments.

Front 11

Ainsworth's Strange situation

Back 11

M+C
M+C
M+C+S
M+S
M+C
C
C+S
M+C+S
Insecure - avoided (Anxious)
Insecure - resistant (Ambivalent)
Insecure - disorganised
Secure

Front 12

Fox

Back 12

Israeli kibbutzim were children are looked after by metapelets and sleep with mother.
There is an equal attachment to mother and metapelet however reuniting is much more with mother than metapelet. Shows universal understanding of attachment

Front 13

Grossmann and Grossmann

Back 13

German children appear insecurely attached according to Ainsworth. This carries negative connotations however interpersonal distance is valued. Therefore insecure should have positive connotations. IMPOSED ETIC.

Front 14

Rothbaurn et al

Back 14

Japan vs. America

Japanese children appear insecurely attached but this is encouraged. So Western ideas cannot be used to analyse other cultural beliefs. IMPOSED ETIC.

Front 15

Van Izendoorn and Kroonenburg

Back 15

1 Rural vs. Urban Japan

2 Intra-culture variations 1.5 x more than Inter-culture variations

Front 16

Disruption
(Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis)

Back 16

Disruption in attachment due to day care, hospitalisation etc.

=Negative effects on a child's welfare.

Front 17

44 Thieves

Back 17

Disruption in childhood link to juvenile delinquency

Front 18

Robertson and Robertson

Back 18

"John"
Was placed in a nursery while mother was in hospital. At first he became attention seeking and when no attention was paid he became withdrawn and refused to eat or drink. When reunited with his mother he cried and ran away.

Front 19

Privation

Back 19

Never get the chance to attach die to death, jail etc.

=cause severe social and behavioural issues

Front 20

Hodges and Tizard

Back 20

Those who were placed in care before the age of 4 months had issues with 'caring deeply about anyone'. However those who were adopted could form good attachments. Those who went back to parents never had strong attachments.

Front 21

Rutter et al

Back 21

Romanian orphanage were children had been place there before the age of 4 months therefore had never formed attachments. Children who were adopted by British parents before the age of 6 months were compared to British adopted children and had similar IQs. Those adopted after 6 month had severe issues with social situations. This suggested that if a secondary attachment is allowed early on then the negative consequences may not be as severe.

Front 22

Genie and Czech Twins

Back 22

-Isolated until 14 and never fully recovered. However it is difficult to get a before/after picture which may have affected her ability to form attachments.
-Isolated until the age of 7 however they made a full recovery and could form attachments. However they did have each other whilst isolated so could have attached to each other early on.

Front 23

NICHD

Back 23

Saw that those at 5 who had been in day care of any kind and any quality had higher rates of aggression.

Those in full time day care, 3x more likely.

Front 24

EPPE

Back 24

Those who spent longer in day care (measured from start of day care to start of primary education) had higher aggression levels. Most of these with higher levels started before the age of 2. They also found that the quality of the day care reduced this negative effect.

Front 25

Clarke-Stewart et al

Back 25

Looked into 150 children who were in day care and saw that they were consistently more advanced in their social development than those who stayed at home with their mothers.

Front 26

Field

Back 26

Positive link between time spent at day care and friends made.

Front 27

Belsky and Rovine

Back 27

Those who are securely attached have the most friends.
Those who say at home have the most secure attachments when compared to those at day care. Therefore day care has a negative influence on social skills.

Front 28

Roberson and Robertson

Back 28

With "John" showed that a poor staff: child ratio and high staff turnover lead to negative consequences in children.

Front 29

NICHD

Back 29

That low quality care has a negative effect on children's welfare.

Front 30

Robertson and Roberston's study let to...

Back 30

improved care for children in hospitals
-visiting hours
-play area
-parent facilities

Front 31

Quinton et al's study led to...

Back 31

importance of avoiding disruption to attachment made clear to parents.

Front 32

Hodges and Tizard's study led to...

Back 32

Change in the way adoption of children is dealt with.
-Mothers do not spend time with their child once born if giving up for adoption to prevent break in attachment and allow foster parents to have an early attachment.