Aqa English Language - A2 - Language Variation

Front 1

Phonological

Back 1

Different patterns in pronunciation, usually focuses on different phonemes

Hint 1

e.g. Glottal stop

Front 2

Lexical

Back 2

Alternative or additional words within a particular variety

Hint 2

e.g. "Mardy" as a colloquial term in Leicestershire

Front 3

Semantics

Back 3

Changes in meaning of established words in Standard English

Hint 3

e.g. The change in the meaning of the word "stoned"

Front 4

Grammatical

Back 4

The use of unusual syntax patterns or rules of grammar that are different to those used in Standard English

Hint 4

e.g. The use of double negatives

Front 5

Orthographical

Back 5

The spelling of words, only appearing in written texts

Hint 5

e.g. Text language

Front 6

Pragmatics

Back 6

Reflects social usage and usage

Hint 6

e.g. Variation in the way politeness, humour and conversation are managed through language

Front 7

Accent

Back 7

The way words and sounds are pronounced, based on location and social class

Hint 7

e.g. Cockney, RP, West Country, Scouse, Geordie etc.

Front 8

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

Back 8

Also known as Ebonics - distinct variety of American English used by black communities

Front 9

American English

Back 9

Set of English dialects native to the US

Hint 9

e.g. "Sidewalk" as opposed to "path" etc.

Front 10

Anti-language

Back 10

Language created purely for the purpose of only being understood by a particular sub-group

Hint 10

e.g. Polari, Leet

Front 11

Back-slang

Back 11

Slang used in which the words are spoken as though spelled backwards

Front 12

British Black English (BBE)

Back 12

Also known as Ebonics - a distinct variety of English spoken primarily by the British black community

Front 13

Creole

Back 13

Language variety created when one language comes into contact with another that later develops over generations

Front 14

Engrish

Back 14

The misuse or 'corruption' of English by native speakers of East Asian languages

Front 15

Ethnicity

Back 15

Category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural or national experiences

Hint 15

e.g. "Water" becomes "wa'er"

Front 16

Glottal stop

Back 16

When a speaker eliminates the pronunciation of the /t/ phoneme in a word

Hint 16

e.g. "'Ave" as opposed to "have"

Front 17

H-dropping

Back 17

The omission of the /h/ sound from the start of a word

Front 18

Haxor

Back 18

A speaker of Leet

Front 19

Hinglish

Back 19

A combination of Hindi and English characterised by frequent use of Hindi vocabulary and constructions

Front 20

Hypercorrection

Back 20

The over-use of Standard English in conversation to avoid errors, to the point where mistakes are made

Front 21

Jargon

Back 21

A type of language not often understood outside of a specific field

Hint 21

e.g. Paul Kerswill

Front 22

Koineisation

Back 22

The process by which a new variety of language emerges by mixing, levelling and simplifying different dialects

Front 23

Leet Speak (1337)

Back 23

Alternative variation of English in which numbers are used in the place of letters

Hint 23

e.g. "Miwk" as opposed to "milk"

Front 24

L-vocalisation

Back 24

Replacement of the consonant /l/ with a vowel/semi-vowel

Front 25

Meta-analysis

Back 25

Research method involving the combination of findings from many different studies in order to identify patterns

Front 26

Pidgin

Back 26

Simplified language form created when two languages come into contact, used for trade purposes, or to break language barriers

Hint 26

e.g. Greetings, small talk, humour

Front 27

Phatic

Back 27

Used to fulfil social purposes

Front 28

Prosodic features

Back 28

Features that appear when sounds are put together in connected speech

Front 29

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Back 29

The most prestigious English accent, sometimes considered 'the' accent of Standard English

Front 30

Standard English (SE)

Back 30

The form of English that's considered the 'national form'

Front 31

Vernacular

Back 31

Native accent/dialect of a specific population

Hint 31

e.g. "Shew" as opposed to "shoe"

Front 32

Vowel fronting

Back 32

Movement of the pronunciation of vowel sounds to the front of the mouth

Hint 32

e.g. "Juke" as opposed to "duke"

Front 33

Yod-coalescence

Back 33

The replacement of the /d/ phoneme with the /j/ phoneme

Hint 33

Bernstein

Front 34

Code Switching

Back 34

Speakers are able to switch between language varieties e.g. London Jamaican

Hint 34

Howard Giles

Front 35

Accommodation Theory

Back 35

Speakers converge to rid social differences, or diverge to create them, all to accommodate to the person they're speaking to - people who have English as a second language usually converge

Hint 35

Mark Sebba

Front 36

London Jamaican

Back 36

Variety that evolved due to immigrant needs - uses a mixture of features from Caribbean creole forms, Cockney forms and standard RP forms - speakers can code switch to each form easily e.g. /ow/ in how = /oh/, /a/, /ow/

Front 37

McArthur's Wheel

Back 37

Created to show the huge range of Englishes spoken over the world - splits 'World Standard English' into 8 regions, each with a main SE variety, and many non-standard forms

Hint 37

Sue Fox

Front 38

MEYD/MLE

Back 38

21st century youth dialects that draw features from other languages