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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Krantz- Stress and the heart (long term effects of stress)
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In a laboratory experiment 39 participants who weren't prescribed heart medication did a stress inducing task. Blood pressure & the extent heart contracted was measured. Greater myocardial ischaemia showed highest increase in blood pressure. Therefore, stress may have a direct influence on body functions. Low ecological validity, bad cause and effect link, individual differences but backed up.
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Brady et al.- Stress and Ulcer development (stress and the immune system)
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Pairs of monkeys were given electric shocks every 20 sec for 6 hour sessions. The executive could postpone each shock but the other couldn't delay them. The executive was more likely to develop ulcers and later die showing that stress reduced immune systems ability to function. Ethically, it was a mess and is contradicted by other studies.
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Kiecolt-Glaser- Stress and wound heeling (stress and immune system suppression)
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Independent measures design with 13 people in each group. It took on average 9 days longer for Alzheimer carers to heal a wound on the arm than the control group. There are many other extraneous variables.
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Rahe et al.- LCU and illness (life events and stress)
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43 common life events made up the LCU SRRS from least to most stressful. They found a positive correlation between high score and likelihood of illness.
In a correlational study 2500+ american navy seamen completed life events in the last 6 months before they went on duty. The ones with higher LCU Scores experienced most illness. However, it is not ecological valid for the whole population and the LCU Chart doesn't differentiate between positive and negative stress. |
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Kanner et al.- Stress and daily hassles (mundane vents and stress)
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100 adults completed a questionnaire once a month, for nine months to rate from a list of 117 mundane hassles. Certain hassels were more common, as well as up lifting events. There was a stronger correlation than the SRRS. It relies on honesty and reliability, but as it is quantitative it doesn't give full explanations.
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Frankenhaeuser- stress levels in Swedish sawmill workers (stress and control in the workplace)
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As a field experiment Stress levles in terms of high blood pressure and stomach ulcers from two groups of workers in a Swedish sawmill worker, one that had repetitive tasks and one that had tasks with variation, social contact and control. Those with minimal control and social contact were more stressed, although it doesn't take individual differences or extraneous variables.
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Marmot et al.- Lack of control in the workplace (stress and the workplace)
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7000 civil servants in London were surveyed about pay grade, control and support. 5 years later medical histories were followed up and it was found that those on lower grades were more likely to have cardiovascular disease and four times more likely than those on the higher grade to have heart attacks. However, it didn't take extraneous variables into account, relied on honesty and recall, and doesn't generalise well.
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Friedman and Rosenman- Type A personality and illness (stress and personality)
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3000 39-50 year old Americans who didn't have CHD were assessed into personality type A, B or X using interviews and observation. Eight years later 257 had CHD, 70% of which were type A even excluding extraneous variables. However, the sample was limited so can't be generalised, three personality types is simplistic, social desirability may effect results and cause & effect isn't clear.
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Asch- conformity in an unambiguous task
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In a laboratory experiment using independent groups design, groups of seven confederates and one real participant judged line lengths by choosing which of three comparison lines matched the standard line eighteen times. The participant always gave their opinion last or second to last so that they heard others opinions first. On twelve of these, the confederates gave the same wrong answers. In the control groups participants gave the wrong answer 0.7% of the time, in critical trials participants conformed 37% of the time and 75% conformed at least once. Some claimed to not believe their own answers but didn't want to seem different. It had good control of variables, easily repeatable, lacked ecological validity & had bad ethics.
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Sherif- conformity and the autokinetic effect
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In a laboratory experiment with independent measures design Sherif measured conformity in an ambiguous task, using an optical illusion called the autokinetic effect. This involved deceiving patients in a dark room that the experimenter would move the light, when he wouldn't be doing at all. Firstly, participants would estimate how much it moved on their own (Personal norms). Then, they would be put in a group of three to establish group norms; this would normally mean estimates converged. Then, alone again, their final estimates were usually much closer to the group norms. This showed that they were effected by informational social influence. It involved deceit, had low ecological validity, couldn't be generalised as all participants were male. However, it could be repeated, controlled variables well, and repeated measures meant it was unaffected by individual differences.
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Zimbardo et al.- Stanford prison experiment
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In a controlled observation males students were given the role of prisoner or guard. They were given uniforms and numbers. Initially, the guards tried to assert their power and the prisoners stuck together. As the guards got more and more brutal prisoners got more distressed and the study was abandoned. There was good control of variables but it didn't take individual differences into account, can't be generalised, had bad ethics and observer bias.
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Reicher & Haslam- BBC Prison experiment
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In a controlled observation, 15 males who had responded to an advert were sorted into two groups of five guards and ten prisoners for BBC program. After three days one prisoner was chosen at random to become a guard. The guards didn't exert power and felt uncomfortable. The prisoners didn't form a group until the one guard had been chosen. They then all decided to live in democracy, although this also collapsed due to tension. Some prisoners wanted to be stricter on guards. This suggested roles were flexible, but is critised by psychologists, including Zimbardo, because of demand characteristics due to filming. Again, it can't be generalised to everyday life. The ethics were good, as there was an independent committee who abandoned the experiment when it got too stressful. There was also no deceit, and extensive debriefing afterwards.
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Moscovici et al.- Minority influence
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In a laboratory experiment with 192 women, participants judged the colour of 36 slides in groups of 6. 2 of the 6 were confederates. In control group: slides called green 0.25% In consistent conditions: 8.4% of slides called green. In inconsistent conditions: 1.25% of slides called green. Overall, 32% called at least one slide green. Didn't allow clear gender differences, was trivial. Good use of control group and supported by other evidence.
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Milgram- Remote learner experiment
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40 men responding to a newspaper advert for a volunteer for a learning experiment. They received payment, and were fixed to be the "teacher" while a confederate was the "learner". They were watched over by a man in a white coat and encouraged to give shocks increasing from 15V to 450V. All went up to 330V, after which the actor made no more noise, but 65% went up to 450V when encouraged. Therefore, ordinary people will obey orders to hurt someone else even if acting against their own will. Had ethical issues, no inform of right of withdrawl, although after debriefing 84% said they were glad to have been involved. Good control of variables, bad ecological validity.
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Gamson et al.- Resisting authority
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Support can help people resist authority, particularly if they felt the request was unjust. A group of participants who felt they were being manipulated rebelled against the authority figure. This was done through minority influence.
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Zimbardo- Obedience and deindividuation
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He replicated Milgram's study, with some participants wearing their own clothes and treated as individuals, but some wearing hoods and being treated as a group. Level of electric shock doubled when participants were individuated. People become more antisocial and antisocial.
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Rosenhan- Inaccuracies in psychiatric classification
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In a field study, eight normal people tried to get admitted to 12 american psychiatric hospitals with the symptoms of hearing things such as "hollow". All were admitted, seven diagnosed with schizophrenia. Once admitted they said they had been faking, which was seen as a symptom. It took on average 19 days to be let out with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in remission.
Next, he informed staff they were going to be having psedopatients when there would be none. They judged 41 patients as fakers. The ethics was awful, as people may have been denied medical help. |
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Gottesman- genetic basis for schizophrenia twin studies
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In a meta-analysis of 40 field twin studies. He found that if you had an identical twin (sharing 100% of genes) with schizophrenia you would have a 48% of also getting it. This reduced to 17% in non-identical twins (approx. 50% of genes shared). Therefore, schizophrenia had a strong genetic basis. However, it can't be fully genetic. Family environment may also play a part, as identical twins are often treated the same.
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Heston- Adoption studies
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47 adopted children whose mothers had schizophrenia were studied, with a control group of 50 other adopted children. They were followed as adults, given IQ tests and personality tests. 5 in the experimental group were classed as Schizophrenic, 4 as borderline. 0 in the control group were. However, interview data may given demand characteristics and suffer from social desirability bias.
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Miligram's variations
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(Administering 450V)
65% Males 65% Females 62.5% Protests heard 48% seedy office 40% learner in same room 23% experimenter communicating via phone 10% confederate refuses to give shock 92.5% confederate gives shock instead |
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Mann
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When you are in a large crowd, you feel deindividuated and the anonymity you feel means that there is more extreme behavior as the personal responsibility is shifted onto the whole group.This was found in crowds jeering at suicidal people.
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