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31 Cards in this Set
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ayan |
The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule |
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Selim III |
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 |
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Mahmud II |
(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries sand their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents |
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Tanzimat reforms |
Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between in 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 |
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Abdul Hamid |
Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 |
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Ottoman Society for Union and Progress |
Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore in 1876 constitution |
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Murad |
(1790-1820) head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure to destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core |
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Muhammad Ali |
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt in 1811; introduced effective army tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848 |
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khedives |
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 |
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Suez Canal |
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment |
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al-Afghani |
Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry |
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Ahmad Arabi |
(1841-1911) Egyptian military officer who led revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support |
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Khartoum |
River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan |
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Muhammad Ahmad |
Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from a prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi |
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Mahdi |
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan |
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Khalifa Abdallahi |
Successor of Muhammad Achmad as a leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 |
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Nurhaci |
(1559-1626) Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing |
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banner armies |
Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty |
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Qing |
Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south |
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Kangxi |
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty form 1661 to 1722; established high degree go Sinification among the Manchus |
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compradors |
Wealthy group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world |
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Opium War |
Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade |
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Lin Zexu |
(1785-1850) Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War |
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Taiping Rebellion |
Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led to Hong Xiuquan |
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Hong Xiuquan |
(1812-1864) Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite |
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Zeng Guofan |
Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China |
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self-strencthening movement |
Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders |
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Sun Yat-sen |
Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationallist party of China (Guamindang) in 1919; died in 1925 |
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Cixi |
Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners |
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Boxer Rebellion |
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials |
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Puyi |
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperors while still a small boy in 1912. |
