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60 Cards in this Set
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Grangers
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Worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. Opposed corrupt businesses and monopolies; supported relief for debtors. Technically not a political party; however, joined with labor movement to form the Progressive Party.
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Panic of 1893
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Introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic. Cleveland is President; solution was to repeal all silver acts.
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Crime of '73
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= the reinstatement of the Gold-Standard from the Coinage act of 1873. Named the "Crime" of '73 because it was proposed by America's wealthiest. This made them even richer, and the common man poorer.
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Bland Allison Act
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1878 - Compromise for the COinage Act; established a 15:1 ratio of Gold and Silver on the market - soon repealed, ratio dropped tremendously.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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1890 - a law which let the govt purchase tons of silver for later use. Supposed to be use for coinage later; blamed for panic of 1893, and repealed in 1893.
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McKinley Tariff
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Tariff passed in 1890 by Republican Congress. Raised tariff duties 4% - allowed president to lower duties of other countries did the same. Also promoted new industries such as tinplate for new canned goods.
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John Dewey
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Most influential educator of the Progressive era who applied pragmatism to educational reform. Founded the School of Pedagogy at the Uof Chicago, with a laboratory in which educational theory based on philosophical and psychological studies could be tested and practiced.
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Pragmatism
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The philosophy that usefulness of meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable, practical consequences.
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Grover Cleveland
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Democrat - won the 1885 - 1889 and 1893 - 1897 presidency. As a president, he attacked high tariff rates.
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Populist Party
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Formed in 1892 by farm leaders, the Knights of Labor, and reformers. Called for graduated income tax, natnlism of RRds/ telegraphs/telephones, a sub treasury, and unlimited silver coinage. Also advocated the initiative and referendum procedures, as well as the direct election of senators and an 8 hour work day. Anti-immigration and nominated James B. Weaver for pres.
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Coxey's Army
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The unemployed marched on Washington in 1894; wanted govt to hire unemployed to build roads. Leaders were arrested for trespassing; led American public to believe the govt didn't care about its people.
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James G. Blaine
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Repub Candidate who ran against Cleveland in 1884. Parties had similar platforms and so focused on personal issues. Also served in Congress 1863-1881; focused on protective tariff, opposed increasing the currency's volume, tolerant towards South, and interested in foreign affairs.
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"Cross of Gold" speech
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Made by William Bryan at the 1896 Dem Convention; for silver, against gold. Promoted western farmers against the industrial East. Led Dems to call for unlimited silver/gold at a 16:1 ratio. Dems nominated Bryan for pres.
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William J Bryan
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Gave the "Cross of Gold" speech at the Dem convention and earned the Dem nomination for the election of 1896. Largely populist platform. Lost to McKinley, and asked for the nomination in the 1912 election, but realized he couldn't beat Woodrow Wilson. Gave constituents to Wilson's campaign, and Wilson made him sec of state.
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Election of 1896
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Mostly about Gold vs Silver. Repubs ran McKinley for gold, and Dems ran Bryan who gave the "Cross of Gold" speech and was a populist favorite. McKinley won by a small margin.
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Boss Marcus Hanna (or Mark Hanna)
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Republican party organizer; responsible for getting McKinley elected govnor in Ohio and for grooming him for the presidential race. Hanna's influence got McKinley the Repub Nomination for the Election of 1896
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Josiah Strong
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Author of a book called "Our Country" in 1885; advocated teh idea that America has responsibility to spread their strong ideas about culture, religion and industry to other nations. This thought blended nicely with the American tendency to adapt Darwinism to all facets of life to justify US empire building.
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Pan-American Congress
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Held in 1889 by James G. Blaine; Attempt at establishing good diplomatic relationships with Latin American Countries. Essentially, US said "We'd like to help you and we will defend you from invading nations".
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de Loma Letter
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Early 1898, right before the Spanish-American War; letter from a Spanish diplomat was intercepted. It criticized President McKinley harshly. Soon after, the MSS Main mysteriously sank; America demanded war.
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Teller Amendment
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An Amendment agreed upon by COngress upon entering the Sp-Am war in 1899 - stated US had no intention of taking Cuban land after the war was over.
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Treaty of Paris 1898
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Treaty at end of Spanish-American War. Spain left Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US.
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Platt Amendment
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1900 - US Soldiers left Cubans to draft a constitution. However, US imposed this amendment on Cuba - allowed US to intervene in Cuban relations whenever it was "necessary to protect" the little nation; allowed US to keep naval bases in Cuba.
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Roosevelt Corollary and "Dollar Diplomacy"
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Roo Corollary was a 1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine; US would intervene between Europe and Latin America. Responded to the threatened invastion of Venezuela by Germany and GB over owed money. "Dollar Diplomacy" was the term for influencing outlying areas and participating in their economy without sending military support. These two things marked a retreat from the aggressive imperialism of the previous years.
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Venezuela Boundary Dispute
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Between British Guiana and Venezuela. US supported Venezuela (under Cleveland) and after gold was found, US threatened war with GB if it didn't make a decision - decision was favorable towards Venezuela; GB withdrew accordingly.
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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1905; ended the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiations mediated by TR. Treaty confirmed Japan's emergence as the pre-eminent power in east Asia and forced Russia to abandon expansionist policies, but Japanese public didn't receive it well.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
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1850; Sec of state Clayton and British Rep Bulwer wanted to ensure that if a canal in Latin Am was constructed, neither party would be left out. Agreed not to seek exclusive control or fortify any positions in the canal area, and not to establish colonies in Central Am.
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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Flilpino leader of insurgent forces. McKinley concluded that the US should accept control of the Philippines. Filipino leaders were furious with the idea of a continuing US presence in their lands. FIghting broke out in 1899; Aguinaldo was captured 1901.
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"Gentlemen's Agreement"
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1905; Govt demanded to look at all books and records of US Steel to find problems that needed to be fixed. Agreement was for US steel to voluntarily change what was wrong; it worked. Same method was tried with Oil industry, but Oil refused to change.
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Yellow Press
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Newspaper industries began to form monopolies (much competition); Newspapers turned to publishing what the public wanted to read, even if fabricated.
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
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1903; Bunau-Varilla gave US good clauses - perpetual lease on a section of Panama for our canal, and the right to use troops to intervene in Panama (among other things). US guaranteed the independence of the newly-crated Republic of Panama.
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John Hay
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Was the Sec of State - helped establish Am foreign policy for 20th century by issuing his Open Door Notes.
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First and Second Open Door Notes
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September 1899 Hay sent nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the princible of equal trade opportunities, specifically with the Chinese. None of the Powers replied, so Hay sent a note saying "Thank you for your agreement". Boxer Rebellion broke out in China as a result, and in responsee, US issued Second Door Note (1900) with the same objections as the first.
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Seward's Folly
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December 1866, USe offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up; fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting clashes with GB, wanted defenseless Alaska in US hands. Seward was an eager expansionist. - we got fish, timber, oil and gold.
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Alfred T Mahan
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1890 author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Wanted to build a large navy; said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade the US depended on.
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Valeriano Weyler
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Believed that to win Cuba back for Spain, he would have to separate the rebels from the civilians by putting the latter in safe havens, protected by loyal Spanish troops. By the end of 1897, General Weyler had relocated more than 300,000 into such "re-concentration camps." Although he was successful moving vast numbers of people, he failed to provide for them adequately. Consequently, these areas became cesspools of hunger, disease, and starvation where thousands died. The Spanish Conservative government supported Weyler's tactics wholeheartedly, the Liberals denounced them vigorously for their toll on the Cuban civilian population. In the propaganda war waged in the United States, Cuban émigrés made much of Weyler's inhumanity to their countrymen and won the sympathy of broad groups of the U.S. population to their cause. Weyler's strategy also backfired militarily thanks to the rebellion in the Philippines that required the redeployment by 1897 of some troops already in Cuba. When Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was assassinated in June, Weyler lost his principal supporter in Spain. He resigned his post in late 1897 and returned to Europe. He served as Minister of War three separate times (March 1901 - December 1902, July 1905 - December 1905, December 1906 - January 1907).
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Downes v. Bidwell and the Insular Cases
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1901 - Cases that in effect state that the constitution does not follow the flag. In other words, we can do whatever we want with our colonies. Examples: The Philippines, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic.
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Payne-Aldrich Tariff
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1909 - signed by Taft, restored high tariff rates. Taft had favored downward revision, and initially passed a bill in the House roughly in line with his desires. However, the Senate restored teh higgh rates with Payne-Aldrich, and Taft signed happily. This conused progressives.
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Ballinger-Pinchote Controversy
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1910 - Secretary of the Interior Richard Balinger was selling land that Theodore Roosevelt had conserved. This made Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot mad, and he complained openly about it. Taft felt that he had to stand by his appointee Balinger, so he asked Pinchot to keep that stuff on the downlow. Pinchot kept protesting openly, so Taft dismissed him. This made the conservationists really mad, and cost him Roosevelt's support and friendship.
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New Nationalism
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1911 - Roosevelt's new plan for social legislation, unveiled in Kansas. Called for attacking unfair money-making tactics with the expansion of federal governmental power. Philosophy: Big govt for big business.
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"Bull Moose" Party
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TR said he was "as strong as a bull moose", so when he ran for presidency in 1912, his party was called the progressive "Bull Moose" Party.
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New Freedom
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Wilson's program before he switched to New Nationalism to get reelected. It emphasized small govt and business competition.
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Election of 1912
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Repubs had split, so there were three candidates: Taft for the Repubs, TR for the progressives ("Bull Moose"), and Wilson for the Dems. Because the repubs were so split, Wilson won.
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Settlement Houses
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Houses set up by social reformers in the slums to provide community services to the people who lived there.
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Muckrakers
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Authors like Lincoln Steffens who edited a magazine about the corruptness of politics and business. TR dubbed them muckrakers because they raked up all the muck about prominent public figures.
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City Manager Plan
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Came up in opposition to the boss system. Cities were run by city managers who usually had degrees in urban planning.
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Initiative
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The procedure by which the people instead of the legislature introduce and enact a law. A specified number of voters propose the law they wish to be placed on a ballot to have it be voted on by the people.
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Referendum
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Procedure by which the people approve or reject a law already passed by the legislature.
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Recall
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Procedure by which the people may remove the governor, lieutenant governor, or members of the state legislature from office. Voted by ballot by people.
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17th Amendment
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1913 - established direct election of senators, as well as a means of filling vacant Senate seats. If a vacancy occurs due to a senator's death, resignation, or expulsion, this amendment allows state legislatures to empower the governor to appoint a replacement to complete the term or to hold office until a special election can take place.
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18th Amendment
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1919 - Prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" and their importation and exportation. It was adopted after a nationwide crusade by temperance groups. As a result, production and sale of alcoholic beverages became the province of organized crime. Era of Prohibition ended in 1933 when this Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment.
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19th Amendment
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Guarantees all American women the right to vote. Final victory of the struggle for women's suffrage was in 1920.
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Northern Securities
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The first company TR filed suit against in his trust busting stage. It was a large holding company formed by railroad banking interests. In 1902 TR "trust-busted" them by claiming they violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in holding money against the public good; the company was dissolved.
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Square Deal
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Roosevelt, on a speaking tour against the Northern Securities Company, called for a "square deal." This progressive concept denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.
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Hepburn Rail Road Regulation Act
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1906; The Hepburn Act, in conjunction with the Elkins Act, granted the Interstate Commerce Commission enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed the ICC to set freight rates and, in an attempt to reduce the corruption in the railroad industry, to require a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.
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Panic of 1907
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Roosevelt’s constant trust-busting of large corporations caused questionable bank speculations, a conservative gold standard, and strict credit policies, eventually leading to the Panic of 1907. This panic brought the need for banking reform to the forefront of political activity, finally culminating in the Federal Reserve Act.
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Underwood-Simmons Tariff
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The Underwood-Simmons Tariff reduced the tariffs from the Payne-Aldrich Tariff to about 29%. It included a graduated income tax, made legal by the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution, to correct for this monetary loss. Wilson, noticing that it followed his principle of "New Freedom," heavily advocated it.
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Clayton Antitrust Act
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The Clayton Act was designed to clarify the Sherman Antitrust Act in terms of new economic issues that had arisen. Practices such as local price-cutting and price discrimination were made illegal. The right of unions to strike, boycott, and picket was also confirmed. This act would have been labor’s Magna Carta had it been followed, but unfavorable court interpretations rendered many of its pro-labor sections powerless without further legislation.
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Keating0Owen Acgt
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n 1916 (under Wilson) this law was passed in order to stop child labor. It was overturned in the Supreme Court decision of Hammer v Dagenhart in 1918.
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Robert La Follette
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He was the most important of the reform governors, served 3 terms in Congress in the late 1880's, was a Republican, and put together a reform program called the "Wisconsin Idea" in 1918.
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Federal Reserve Act
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This was passed under Wilson and was designed to create a sound yet flexible currency. This was the first efficient banking system since Jackson destroyed the Second Bank of the United States in 1832. It created 12 regional banks- each was to serve the banks of its district. The Federal Reserve Board (members appointed by the president) governed the whole system.
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