Apush Unit One Key Terms

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PLYMOUTH COLONY

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Who: pilgrims
What: seeking religious freedom
Where: modern day Massachusetts
Significance: first puritan colony

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MAYFLOWER COMPACT 1620

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Who: written by the pilgrims
What: first governing document in America
Where: on the mayflower
Significance: first governing document in America

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HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

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Who: government and settlers
What: land grants
Where: America
Significance: brought more settlers to America

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FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT 1639

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Who: Connecticut colony council
What: a written constitution that describes the government set up by the Connecticut River towns
Where: Connecticut
Significance: gave men more voting rights and let men run for officer positions

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MERCANTILISM

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Who: N.A.
What; an economic theory that holds the prosperity of the nation within its capital supply and the global volume of international trade is unchangeable
Where: 18th century economies
Significance: basis for some economies

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TRIANGULAR TRADE

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Who:
What: trade between 3 ports or regions
Where: West Africa, Caribbean, and the American colonies
Significance: made the colonies and Great Britain rich in imports and slaves

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THE GREAT AWAKENING

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Who:
What: periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history
Where: American colonies
Significance: identified religious trends within the U.S. culture

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IRON ACT 1750

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Who: british parliment
What: a legislative measure introduced by the british parliament
Where: Britain and American colonies
Significance: wanting to restrict manufacturing activities in british colonies and encourage manufacture to take place in great britan

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INDENTURED SERVANTS

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Who: people in debt, freed slaves that had a debt
What: debt bondage worker
Where: American colonies
Significance: gave plantation owners more workers

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GEORGE WASHINGTON

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Who: commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and served as the first President of the United States of America
What: commanded the continental army and was the first president of the United States
Where: American colonies
Significance: had a central role in the formation of the United States

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JAMESTOWN

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a settlement in the Virginia Colony, which became Jamestown; sent in 1606 by the Virginia Company of London

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JOHN SMITH

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aptain John Smith (c. January 1580–June 21, 1631) Admiral of New England was an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay

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BACON'S REBELLION

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an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part;

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MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY

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was a protest against Native American raids on the frontier, as well as policies of favoritism shown by the Royal Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

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ROGER WILLIAMS

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an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay and the Providence settlement which provided a refuge for religious minorities. Williams is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America,

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ANNE HUTCHINSON

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a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. Hutchinson held Bible meetings for women that soon had great appeal to men as well. Eventually, she went beyond Bible study to proclaim her own theological interpretations of sermons, some of which offended the colony leadership. A major controversy ensued, and after a trial before a jury of officials and clergy, she was banished from her colony.[3]

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PEQUOT WAR

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an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.

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Stamp Act

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a law enacted by a government that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents

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Quartering Act

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the name of at least two acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Quartering Acts were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British troops had adequate housing and provisions.

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Townshend Act

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a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America; five laws are frequently mentioned: the Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and the New York Restraining Act.

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Boston Massacre

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an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America, which culminated in the American Revolution

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Tea Act

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an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (13 Geo III c. 44, long title An act to allow a drawback of the duties of customs on the exportation of tea to any of his Majesty's colonies or plantations in America; to increase the deposit on bohea tea to be sold at the East India Company's sales; and to empower the commissioners of the treasury to grant licences to the East India Company to export tea duty-free.), passed on May 10, 177

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Boston Tea Party

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a direct action protest by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and has often been referenced in other political protests.

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Coercive Acts

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a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. The acts sparked outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution.

Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773; the British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of Massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1765 Stamp Act.

Many colonists viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of their rights, and in 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. As tensions escalated, the American Revolutionary War broke out the following year, eventually leading to the creation of an independent United States of America.

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Mutiny Act

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an act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army. It was originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England.

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Samuel Adams

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a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to John Adams

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King William’s War

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the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–97). It was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England.
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Queen Anne’s War

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the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and England (later Great Britain).[1] in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. In addition to the two main combatants, the war also involved a number of American Indian tribes and Spain, which was allied with France.
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Peace of Utrecht

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a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. Concluded between various European states, it helped end the War of the Spanish Succession.

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War of Jenkin’s Ear

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a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its unusual name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who exhibited his severed ear in Parliament following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731. This affair and a number of similar incidents sparked a war against the Spanish Empire, ostensibly to encourage the Spanish not to renege on the lucrative asiento contract (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America).[5]

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Paxton Boys

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a vigilante group that murdered at least twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre. Backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish frontiersmen from central Pennsylvania, near Paxton Church, Paxtang, Pennsylvania, now Dauphin County, formed a vigilante group in response to the American Indian uprising known as Pontiac's Rebellion. The Paxton Boys felt that the government of colonial Pennsylvania was negligent in providing them with protection

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Grenville’s Program

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supported legislation in 1764 to reform the colonial currency situation. British merchants had long complained about the tendency of Americans to try to settle their debts with paper money of dubious value.

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Patrick Henry

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served as the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779. A prominent figure in the American Revolution, Henry is known and remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential (and radical) advocates of the American Revolution and republicanism, especially in his denunciations of corruption in government officials and his defense of historic rights.

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SONS OF LIBERTY

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a secret organization of American patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. British authorities and their supporters, known as Loyalists, considered the Sons of Liberty as seditious rebels, referring to them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity." Patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power such as property of the gentry, customs officers, East India Company tea, and as the war approached, vocal supporters of the Crown.
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Daughters of Liberty

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a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. Using their feminine skills of the time period, they made homespun cloth and other goods to fill the good British people.

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Crispus Attucks

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one of five people killed in the Boston Massacre in Boston, Massachusetts. He has been frequently named as the first martyr of the American Revolution and is the only Boston Massacre victim whose name is commonly remembered. He is regarded as an important and inspirational figure in American history.

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Suffolk Resolves

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was a declaration made on September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which Boston is the major city. The convention that adopted them first met at the Woodward Tavern in Dedham, which is today the site of the Norfolk County Courthouse. The Resolves were recognized by statesman Edmund Burke as a major development in colonial animosity leading to adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, and he urged British conciliation with the American colonies, to little effect. The First Continental Congress passed the Resolves on September 17, 1774.
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John Adams

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an American politician and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President (1789–1797) for two terms. He is regarded as one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Carolina Regulators

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a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.
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Battle of the Alamance

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ended the so-called War of the Regulation, a rebellion in colonial North Carolina over issues of taxation and local control. Some historians consider it the opening salvo of the American Revolution, although the rebellion was against local government, and not against the king or crown. Named for nearby Great Alamance Creek, the battle took place in the central Piedmont about eight miles south of present-day Burlington, North Carolina.

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FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774

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The First Continental Congress, which met briefly in Philadelphia in 1774, consisted of 56 delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Convened in response to the Coercive Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1774, the delegates organized an economic boycott of Great Britain in protest and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances.

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Galloway Plan

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put forward in the First Continental Congress of 1774. Joseph Galloway was a Pennsylvania delegate who wanted to keep the colonies in the British Empire. He suggested the creation of an American Colonial Parliament to act together with the Parliament of Great Britain. On matters relating to the colonies each body would have a veto over the other's decisions. The Colonal Parliament would consist of a President-General appointed by the Crown, and delegates appointed by the colonial assemblies. Galloway's plan would have kept the British Empire together, while allowing the colonies to have some say over their own affairs, including the inflammatory issue of taxation.

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LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775

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he first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[8] They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

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Paul Revere, William Dawes

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PR:an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution.
He was glorified after his death for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Revere's name and his "midnight ride" are well-known in the United States as a patriotic symbol. In his lifetime, Revere was a prosperous and prominent Boston craftsman, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
WD: one of the three men who alerted colonial minutemen of the approach of British army troops prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord at the outset of the American Revolution.

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SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

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a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning in May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after shooting in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.[1] With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
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Slavery clause in the Declaration of Independence

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In a famous clause that was ultimately deleted from the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) cited the African slave trade as one of the examples of British oppression. Jefferson refers to the English government's repeated vetoes of attempts by colonial legislatures to restrict or halt the importatation of slaves. Virginia, especially, had profited from a great natural increase in its slave population and had no desire for a further slave "surplus" or for competition with its own profitable proactice of selling slaves to South Carolina and Georgia.

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Somerset Case (in Great Britain)

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a famous judgement of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that slavery was unlawful in England (although not elsewhere in the British Empire).
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Quock Walker case- Mass

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ase began by assessing the question of whether a previous master’s promise to free Quock gave him a right to freedom after the previous master died.
Quock Walker was born into slavery but promised freedom from his master, Mr. Codwell at the age of 25, and Mrs. Jennison at age 21 . When the time came for his promised release, Mr. Jennison refused to let him go. Walker then fled in 1781 to work on a nearby farm. As a punishment for his actions, Jennison beat Walker severely.
Quock Walker’s case argued that the concept of slavery was contrary to the the Bible and the Massachusetts Constitution, while Mrs. Jennison argued that slavery was necessary as a means of civilizing barbaric peoples. Walker won the case, which lead him to become a freedman in 1783.
William Cushing ruled that Walker was a freeman because of the previously promised manumission. Cushing added that the Massachusetts Constitution declared that all men were free and equal and thus guaranteed their right to life, liberty, and freedom. Cushing went on to say, “Without resorting to implication in constructing the constitution, slavery is…as effectively abolished as it can be by the granting of rights and privileges wholly incompatible and repugnant to its existence.”[1]

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Benedict Arnold

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a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but switched sides to the British Empire. While he was still a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and plotted unsuccessfully to surrender it to the British. After the plot failed, he served in the British military.
(TRAITOR!!)

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Continental Army

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an army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, the army was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their struggle against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was in conjunction with local militias and other troops that remained under control of the individual states. General George Washington was the Commander-in-Chief of the army throughout the war.

Most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The remaining units possibly formed the nucleus of what was to become the United States Army.

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Native Americans in the Revolutionary War:

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Most Native Americans east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many communities were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. Though a few tribes were on friendly terms with the Americans, most Native Americans opposed the United States, since native lands were threatened by expanding American settlement. An estimated 13,000 warriors fought on the British side; the largest group, the Iroquois Confederacy, fielded about 1,500 men.[17]

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Black Americans in the Revolutionary War

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slave and free—served on both sides during the war. The British actively recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters. Because of manpower shortages, George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. Small all-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many slaves were promised freedom for serving. Another all-black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause[15] and more than 20,000 black soldiers fought on the British side.[16]