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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Horizontal Integration"
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Seeking to include entire population of similarly skilled workers. Trade or Craft Unions are an example of this. These labor organizations restrict membership to the practitioners of a specific craft or trade (shoemakers, electricians, plumbers and so forth). This type of union has been present in America from colonial times.
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"Vertical Integration"
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Seeking to include the broad population of workers within an industry, skilled or unskilled. Industrial Unions are an example of this. These labor organizations seek to include within their ranks all workers, skilled and unskilled, who are employed within a given industry (railroads, steel, etc.).
errr... Own every part of the industry, top to bottom, from mine to final product. |
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Trust
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1) An arrangement for administering the affairs of a child or incompetent adult (beneficiary) by a person known as a trustee.
2) In a business application, the trust was an arrangement under which stockholders in a company would assign their shares to trustees, who have the voting power to guide the decision-making of that company.In the United States, trusts came under increasing public criticism in the late 19th century and would become the subject of antitrust legislation. The state of New Jersey in 1889 enacted new corporation legislation, authorizing the use of the holding company to circumvent the discredited trust. 3) Any of a number of large (and often monopolistic) companies, such as the beef trust, oil trust or sugar trust, among others. |
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Social Darwinism
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Application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and natural selection to contemporary social development. Only the strongest survive. This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many American businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority. Herbert Spencer and William G. Sumner were proponents.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Notion promoted by many successful businessmen that their massive wealth was a social benefit for all. The Gospel of Wealth was a softer and more palatable version of Social Darwinism. The advocates linked wealth with responsibility, arguing that those with great material possessions had equally great obligations to society. Conwell, Alger, and Carnegie supported this view.
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"Horizontal Integration"
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Seeking to include entire population of similarly skilled workers. Trade or Craft Unions are an example of this. These labor organizations restrict membership to the practitioners of a specific craft or trade (shoemakers, electricians, plumbers and so forth). This type of union has been present in America from colonial times. errr... Rockifellers idea of owning all one step in a production line, ie oil refining, and thereby indirectly owning the entire market.
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"Vertical Integration"
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Seeking to include the broad population of workers within an industry, skilled or unskilled. Industrial Unions are an example of this. These labor organizations seek to include within their ranks all workers, skilled and unskilled, who are employed within a given industry (railroads, steel, etc.).
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Trust
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1) An arrangement for administering the affairs of a child or incompetent adult (beneficiary) by a person known as a trustee.
2) In a business application, the trust was an arrangement under which stockholders in a company would assign their shares to trustees, who have the voting power to guide the decision-making of that company.In the United States, trusts came under increasing public criticism in the late 19th century and would become the subject of antitrust legislation. The state of New Jersey in 1889 enacted new corporation legislation, authorizing the use of the holding company to circumvent the discredited trust. 3) Any of a number of large (and often monopolistic) companies, such as the beef trust, oil trust or sugar trust, among others. |
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Social Darwinism
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Application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and natural selection to contemporary social development. Only the strongest survive. This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many American businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority. Herbert Spencer and William G. Sumner were proponents.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Notion promoted by many successful businessmen that their massive wealth was a social benefit for all. The Gospel of Wealth was a softer and more palatable version of Social Darwinism. The advocates linked wealth with responsibility, arguing that those with great material possessions had equally great obligations to society. Conwell, Alger, and Carnegie supported this view.
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William G. Sumner
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1840-1910; Yale-based sociologist and political economist with extreme laissez faire position, arguing that the government had absolutely no role in the economy's functions. He argued against antitrust legislation and also protective tariffs and government intervention on behalf of management in labor strike situations. To Sumner, the economy was a natural event and needed no guidance in its evolution. He concluded that all forms of social reform were futile and misguided. Sumner's views contrasted sharply with those of the advocates of the Social Gospel.
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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1890; principal antimonopoly law in United States business law. It made illegal "Every contract, combination, in the form of trust, or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states." Ironically, was often used against union strikers. Designed to revive competition and suppress monopolies.
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John D. Rockefeller
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cunning business man; unified the entire oil business into "Standard Oil" (1870). A ruthless organizer.
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Knights of Labor
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all-inclusive, blue collar labor organization started in 1869. The membership peaked in 1886, under Terence V. Powderly. The Knights aided various strikes, however, failure in the Missouri Pacific strike in 1886 and violence by strikers, including the Haymarket Square riot, led to disputes between the craft unionists and the advocates of all-inclusive unionism. With the additional problems of an autocratic structure, mismanagement, further unsuccessful strikes, and the emergence of the American Federation of Labor in 1886 under Samuel Gompers the organization quickly shrank from its 1886 peak. Goals: an 8-hour day, the abolition of child labor, equal pay, the elimination of private banks. Women, black workers and employers were welcomed, and bankers, lawyers, gamblers, and stockholders excluded.
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Jane Addams
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1860-May 21, 1935; American social worker and reformer, educated in the U.S. and Europe. In 1889 she co-founded (with Ellen Gates Starr) Hull House in Chicago, which was one of the first settlement houses in the United States. Like other settlement houses, Hull House was a type of welfare house for the neighborhood poor and a center for social reform. In 1911 Addams also helped found the National Foundation of Settlements and Neighborhood Centers, and she was its first president. She was also a leader in women's suffrage and pacifist movements.
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"Bloody Shirt"
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A term to describe the way Democrats would habitually allude to Republicans as being the party of treason in order to distract from real issues.
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Greenback Party
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Political party that was active between 1874 and 1884. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks", that had been issued during the American Civil War and afterward. The party advocated issuing large amounts of money, believing this would help people, especially farmers, by raising prices and making debts easier to pay. It was established as a political party whose members were primarily farmers who were financially hurt by the Panic of 1873. It was originally called the
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Independent National Party
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In 1880 the Greenback Party broadened its platform to include support for an income tax, an eight-hour day, and allowing women the right to vote. The party's influence declined quickly, and after 1884 it was no longer a force in American politics.
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Timber and Stone Act
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1878; 160 acres of land valuable for timber and stone could be purchased from the federal government.
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Bonanza farming
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In 1874, 13 thousand acres of land were staked out and Bonanza Farms began to rise. The name, Bonanza Farm, implied a lucky strike or a get-rich quick opportunity for those people willing to take the risk. The idea of trading bonds for land had become a marketing bonanza for the railroad and the region. Stories telling of the giant farms in the Dakota Territory spread across the world and during the 1880’s people began to flock to the northern Dakota Territory. It’s estimated that at one time there were 91 different bonanza farms in operation up and down the Red River Valley and west along Northern Pacific’s railroad line. As land values dropped, along with the price of grain, many bonanza farmers found their profit in selling or renting their land to smaller farmers.
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Pacific Railway Act
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1862; an act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. It gave land grants in the western United States to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad (later the Southern Pacific Railroad) to construct a transcontinental railroad.
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Joseph F. Glidden
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1874; he marketed the first barbed wire, solving the problem of how to fence cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, thus changing the American West.
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Union Pacific
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Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west.
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Central Pacific
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Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.
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Booker T. Washington
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1856-1915; an educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute. The Atlanta Compromise.
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Haymarket Square Incident
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1886 May-Chicago; demands for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among laborers in the 1880s. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. When policemen attempted to disperse the meeting, a bomb exploded, killing 7 policemen. Rioting ensued. Resulted in public condemnation of organized labor and the demise of the KoL.
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The "New Immigration"
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1880-1910; Many from SE Europe. Unlike the 'old immigrants', were not being assimilated into American society. Preserved culture and traditions. Seen as suspect by Americans. Many did not intend to stay in the US, came from poor, peasant backgrounds--non-Protestant, single. Huge influx--8.4 million people.
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Jacob Riis
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A reformer and photographer. Employed a blend of reporting, reform and photography that made him a unique legend in all three fields. Goal to document the plight of the poor, made him an important figure in the history of documentary photography.
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Louis Sullivan
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Leading architect of skyscrapers in the late 19th century--regarded today as one of the most individual and innovative architects of the developing modern period. One of his most notable contributions was the creation of a form appropriate to the tall commercial office building--emphasized the vertical rise of these buildings. (Verticality was made possible by steel frame construction and the use of light materials such as terra cotta, which had a malleability appropriate for carrying out his ornament.)
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Knights of Labor
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1869; Led by Uriah S. Stephens. Organized on an industrial basis, with women, black workers, and employers welcomed, excluding only bankers, lawyers, gamblers, and stockholders. Aided various groups in strikes and boycotts. Its aims—an 8-hour day, abolition of child and convict labor, equal pay for equal work, elimination of private banks, cooperation—which, like its methods, were highly idealistic. Demise at the Haymarket Riot & Pullman strike.
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American Protective Association
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1887; a secret organization, formed in Iowa. Nativist. One of the largest and most powerful anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic organizations of the late 19th century, claiming more than a million members by 1896. Was a nativist response to the large numbers of immigrants from Catholic countries. Tried to limit immigration and block the upward mobility of newly arrived "new" immigrants.
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A.F.L. and Samuel Gompers
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The American Federation of Labor was a combination of national craft unions established in 1886, led by Adolph Strasser and Samuel Gompers of the Cigar makers Union. They focused on issues like higher wages and shorter hours, and developed worker’s pride.
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Mesabi Range
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the great iron fields around Lake Superior; easily mined and lead to Pittsburgh becoming the iron/steel capital; mining began in 1870s
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Single tax/Henry George
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wrote "Progress and Poverty" (1879); suggested there should be a property tax on unimproved land, because the owner had done no work and therefore didn’t deserve its increased value. This money should go to pay for social services.
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Munn v. Illinois
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1877; the owner of a grain elevator refused to follow a state warehouse act; Supreme Court decided any business that served a public interest, such as a railroad or a grain warehouse, was subject to state control and legislatures might fix maximum charges; if the charges seemed unreasonable, the parties concerned should direct their complaints to the legislatures or to the voters, not to the courts.
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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
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Created by the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887; supposed to enforce "Rebates, drawbacks, inconsistent rates, and other competitive practices were declared unlawful, and so were their monopolistic counterparts, pools and traffic-sharing agreements" by suing businesses; didn’t work very well (they lost every case) but was the first federal regulatory board.
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United States v. E.C. Knight Co
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1895; Supreme Court rules that even though the American Sugar Refining Co took over many of its competitors and controlled over 98% of all U.S. sugar refining, it did not violate the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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Andrew Carnegie
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- steel man: good organizer but knows nothing about steel. Has a good grasp of times. One of the "luck and pluck" boys. 1873, Andy bought steel companies at low prices, and managed to do extremely well with them.
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Henry Bessemer
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Inventor of the Bessemer system which involved blowing oxygen through ore, putting in carbon, and creating steel. Needed for flexible iron, (steel). Impacted steel industry (iron), greatly.
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Atlanta Compromise
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Speech that Booker T. Washington made to a bunch of white southerners about how black should subordinate themselves to whites after the war. The Southerners were very pleased with what he said; Washington was actually a self-educated black man, and one of the first after slaves were freed. The "Keep Your Head Down" approach.
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"Robber Barons" -
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what U.S. political and economic commentator Matthew Josephson (1934) called the economic princes of his own day. Today we call them "billionaires." Our capitalist economy--any capitalist economy--throws up such enormous concentrations of wealth: those lucky enough to be in the right place at the right time, driven and smart enough to see particular economic opportunities and seize them, foresighted enough to have gathered a large share of the equity of a highly-profitable enterprise into their hands, and well-connected enough to fend off political attempts to curb their wealth (or well-connected enough to make political favors the foundation of their wealth). -J. Bradford DeLong. Those are your Andrew Carnegie’s (steel) and John D. Rockefeller’s (oil), tycoons of the industries that began to boom 1870-1890-ish
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Guilded Age
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Phrase coined by Mark Twain to depict the era between Reconstruction and the turn-of-the-century. "All that glitters isn’t gold" America looked prosperous, but we had an icky interior with inept presidents, squalled living conditions in major cities and the extermination of buffalo along with Native Americans in the West.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882; due to a reemergence of Nativism in America, Congress passed this act to suspend the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years. (In the 1860’s, nearly one-third of the miners in the West were Chinese, us white-folks had to keep all the gold to ourselves!)
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Frederick Jackson Turner
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wrote an influential paper in 1893 entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", it claimed "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development." this became known as "the frontier thesis"
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Battle of the Little Bighorn--Wounded Knee
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Lt. Colonel George Custer, thinking he had a small band of rebelling Native Americans surrounded, divided his soldiers (about 300) and stumbled into the main Sioux camp. Instead of a small band, he was met with 2500 warriors. Custer and all his men were defeated in a matter of hours.
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
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Attempt by Congress to assimilate Native American tribes into American society. It divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe to promote individual ownership and farming, each family was to receive 160 acres, single adults 80 acres, and children 40 acres. Surplus land was to be sold to white settlers with profits going to Native American schools. Citizenship was granted to Native Americans who accepted the distribution of land and "adopted the habits of civilized life." Most regulations set forth by the act were ignored by whites enforcing it in the west; the best and most fertile land was reserved for the settlers.
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John A. Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge
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Roebling pioneered the development of suspension bridges and designed the Brooklyn Bridge, but died before its construction was completed.
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Dwight L. Moody
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Evangelist who preached the social gospel.
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Social Gospel
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movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
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Jane Addams, Hull House
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Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
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Lillian Wald -
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A white American civil rights activists, health worker, and educator. Established the Henry Street Settlement in NYC in 1893 along with Mary Brewster. In 1909, she helped establish the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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James Bryce’s American Commonwealth
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Opposed the Nativist sentiment and promoted the "melting pot" idea of American culture.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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case in which Plessy, an old black shoemaker, sat in the "white" car on a train in Louisiana. He got fined, and so the case eventually ended up in the Supreme Court which decided that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. This had a major impact on segregation and later, the civil rights movement.
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W.E.B. Dubois
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Noted black historian, pan-Africanist, who spent his life enhancing the position of his race in the United States. Wrote several books and articles that strongly disagreed with Booker T. Washington's position that African-Americans need to subordinate themselves to the white race.
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