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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Separatist vs. Non-Separatist Puritans
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Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established Plymouth
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Northwest Passage
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Believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth
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Conversion experience
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Required of members of Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by Catholic church
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Social Reciprocity
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Society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately
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Church of England
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Protestant church led by king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty
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Atlantic slave trade
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Often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian exchange
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Jamestown
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First permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607) along the James River, VA
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John Smith
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Introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; fought Spanish and Turks
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Pocahontas
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Key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
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Mayflower Compact
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Foundation for self-government laid out by the first MA settlers before arriving on land
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John Winthrop
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Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
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"City on a Hill"
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Exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
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Indentured Servants
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Settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system
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Maryland Act of Religious Toleration
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1649 - Mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
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James I + Charles I
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Reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors
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William Penn + Quakers
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Settled in PA, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
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Roger Williams
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Challenged New Englanders to completely separate church from State, as the State would corrupt the church
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Anne Hutchinson
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Challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
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The Half-Way Covenant
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New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native American Independence (1763-1789)
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Navigation Acts
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Only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
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Mercantilism
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Ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
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Charles II + James II
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Tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
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William and Mary
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Ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
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Dominion of New England
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Combined MA, NH, CT, RI, and Plymouth (And later NJ and NY) into one "super colony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "super governor"
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The Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
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James Oglethorpe
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Established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
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The Enlightenment
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Emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
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Benjamin Franklin
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Connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
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The Great Awakening
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Began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
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Deists
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Believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
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George Whitefield
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Powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
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Jonathan Edwards
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Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
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New Lights vs. Old Lights
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New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other
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Albany Plan of union
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Colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect
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French and Indian War
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1754-1763: French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain
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Proclamation of 1763
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Prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth
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Salutary Neglect
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Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
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Writs of Assistance
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Search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis
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Townshend Act (1767)
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Similar to Navigation Act; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
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Sugar Act
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Increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs
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Stamp Act
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Taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by coloniststhrough their representatives
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Stamp Act Congress
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Held in NY, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed
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Virginia Resolves
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"No taxation without representation," introduced by Patrick Henry
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Currency Act
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Prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy
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Virtual Representation
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All English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote
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The Loyal Nine
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Group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
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Sons of Liberty
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Organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation
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Declaratory Act (1766)
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Allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say
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Boston Massacre
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March 5, 1770 - British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
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Committees of Correspondence
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committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
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Tea Act (1773)
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Intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
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Boston Tea Party
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peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians
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Quebec Acts
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Former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in Church of England
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
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In reaction to the Boston Tea party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of MA charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
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Suffolk Resolves
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Organizes militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
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Olive Branch Petition
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Politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
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Thomas Paine, Common Sense
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Stressed to the American people that British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
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George Washington
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American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
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Whigs (Patriots)
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Most numerous in New England, fought for independence
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Tories (Loyalists)
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Fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
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British Strengths + Weaknesses
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British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt
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Colonial Strengths + Weaknesses
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Fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
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Battle of Saratoga
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Oct. 17, 1777 - American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne
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Valley Forge
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1777-1778: Scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
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Battle of Yorktown
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1781 - Last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with colonies
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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Full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
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American society during Revolution
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British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved
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Articles of Confederation
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States joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
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