Apush Summer Reading Flashcards 2011

Front 1

Mayflower Compact

Back 1

1620: The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Front 2

William Bradford

Back 2

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Front 3

Pilgrims and Puritans contrasted

Back 3

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

Front 4

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Back 4

1629: King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Front 5

Church of England (Anglican Church)

Back 5

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.

Front 6

John Winthrop (1588-1649)

Back 6

1629: He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Front 7

Separatists, non-separatists

Back 7

Non-separatists(which included Puritans): believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists(which included the Pilgrims): believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own congregations.

Front 8

Calvinism

Back 8

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Front 9

Contrast Puritan colonies with others

Back 9

Puritan colonies were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led the people in strict accordance with Puritan beliefs. Only those members if the congregation who had achieved grace and were full church members (called the 'elect", or "saints") could vote and hold public office. Other colonies had different styles of government and were more open to different beliefs.

Front 10

Anne Hutchinson

Back 10

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Front 11

Roger Williams, Rhode Island

Back 11

1635: He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

Front 12

Half-way Covenant

Back 12

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Front 13

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Back 13

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Front 14

King Philip's War

Back 14

1675: A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip (Metacom or Metacomet). The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Front 15

Joint stock company

Back 15

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Front 16

Virginia: purpose, problems, failures, successes

Back 16

Formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown.

Front 17

Headright system

Back 17

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonist who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Front 18

John Smith

Back 18

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Front 19

John Rolfe

Back 19

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovers how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia and economically successful colony.

Front 20

House of Burgesses

Back 20

1619: The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Front 21

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 21

1676: Nathaniel Bacon and the other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to oppose the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and the marched on as Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Front 22

James Oglethorpe

Back 22

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Front 23

Carolinas

Back 23

1665: Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headright system and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers.The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.

Front 24

William Penn and Pennsylvania

Back 24

1681: William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.

Front 25

Five Nations

Back 25

The federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mowhawk, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iriquois", or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720 the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most power and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700's. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States.

Front 26

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Back 26

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Front 27

Jonathan Edwards

Back 27

wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict Inquiry Into...That Freedom of Will. Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of Hell.

Front 28

George Whitefield

Back 28

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights".

Front 29

William Tennant

Back 29

A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726.

Front 30

Old Lights, New Lights

Back 30

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Front 31

Lord Baltimore

Back 31

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Front 32

Maryland Act of Toleration (Act of Religious Toleration)

Back 32

1649: Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Front 33

Deism

Back 33

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s) and some of our founding fathers like Jefferson. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left if to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Front 34

Navigation Acts of 1650,1660,1663, and 1696

Back 34

British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship was British.

Front 35

Triangular Trade

Back 35

The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.

Front 36

Salem witch trials

Back 36

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Front 37

Glorious Revolution, 1688

Back 37

King James II's policies, such as converting to Catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials know as "Bloody Assizes", and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious".

Front 38

Differences between French and British colonization

Back 38

The British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and government. As a general rule, whole families emigrated. The British colonies had little interaction with the local Indians (aside from occasional fighting). The French colonized the interior, where they controlled fur trade. Most of the French immigrants were single men, and there were few towns and only loose government authority. The French lived closely with the Indians, trading with them for furs and sometimes taking Indian wives.