Apush Road To Rev

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George Washington

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- American general whose forces helped start the French and Indian War in western Pennsylvania in 1754
attacked French troops with his small militia force and established Fort Necessity. Washington eventually surrendered after the French returned in greater numbers.
-leader of continental army

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Albany Congress

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-To bolster more colonial support for the French and Indian War, Britain called for an intercolonial congress to meet in Albany, New York, in 1754. To promote the Albany Congress, Philadelphia printer Benjamin Franklin created his now-famous political cartoon of a snake with the caption “Join or Die.”
- seven of the thirteen colonies chose to attend. The delegates at the Albany conference agreed to support the war and also reaffirmed their military alliance with the Iroquois against the French and their Native American allies. But somewhat surprisingly, the delegates at Albany also sent Parliament recommendations for increased colonial unity and a degree of home rule. British ministers in London—as well as the delegates’ own colonial legislatures—balked at the idea.

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Geoarge Braddock

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General Edward “Bulldog” Braddock and his aide George Washington chose to attack the French Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley. After hacking through endless wilderness, their forces were slaughtered by the French and their Native American allies. This seemingly easy victory encouraged Native American tribes throughout the frontier to attack the British settlers encroaching on their lands.

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Treaty of Paris

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French and Indian War
-Under the terms of the agreement, France was effectively driven out of Canada, leaving Britain the dominant North American power.

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Pontiac's Rebellion

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a group of Native Americans, under the leadership of Ottawa chief Pontiac and supported by bitter French traders, killed roughly 2,000 British settlers, lay seige to Detroit, and captured most of the British forts on the western frontier.

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Proclamation Line

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1763,
-cols can't settle on NA land
-after Pontiac's rebellion

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King George III

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King of Great Britain throughout much of the colonial period; saw marked decline in popularity in the colonies after the French and Indian War

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George Greenville

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Prime minister of Parliament; enforced the Navigation Act and passed the Sugar, Stamp, Currency, and Quartering Acts

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Era of "salutatory neglect"

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As long as the colonies exported cheap raw materials to Britain and imported finished goods from Britain (see Mercantilism, below), Britain was quite happy to leave them alone

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Navigation Acts

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Immediately following the cessation of the French and Indian War, British Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the Royal Navy to begin enforcing the old Navigation Acts. Parliament had passed a major Navigation Act in 1651 to prevent other European powers (especially the Dutch) from encroaching on British colonial territories; the act required colonists to export certain key goods, such as tobacco, only to Britain. In addition, any European goods bound for the colonies had to be taxed in Britain. Although the law had existed for over one hundred years, it had never before been strictly enforced.

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Sugar Act

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Post French Ind War
-placed a tax on sugar imported from the West Indies. The Sugar Act represented a significant change in policy: whereas previous colonial taxes had been levied to support local British officials, the tax on sugar was enacted solely to refill Parliament’s empty Treasury.

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Currency Act

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-Cols can't set banks +issue currency
-removed devalued paper currencies, many from the French and Indian War period, from circulation.

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Quartering Act

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-colists have to feed and house brit soldiers
-cause cols outrage/question why brit troops were there when french and ind war and pont rebel

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Stamp Act

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This tax required certain goods to bear an official stamp showing that the owner had paid his or her tax. Many of these items were paper goods, such as legal documents and licenses, newspapers, leaflets, and even playing cards. Furthermore, the act declared that those who failed to pay the tax would be punished by the vice-admiralty courts without a trial by jury.

Colonists were particularly incensed because the Stamp Act was passed in order to pay for the increased British troop presence in the colonies. Not only did the colonists feel that the troop presence was no longer necessary, they also feared that the troops were there to control them. This military presence, combined with the vice-admiralty courts and Quartering Act, made the Americans very suspicious of Grenville’s intentions.

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Stamp Ac Congress

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In 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York at the Stamp Act Congress, where they drafted a plea to King George III and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

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Decloratory Act

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Parliament eventually conceded and repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, which overjoyed the colonists. Quietly, however, Parliament also passed the Declaratory Act to reserve Britain’s right to govern and “bind” the colonies whenever and however it deemed necessary.

The Declaratory Act proved far more damaging than the Stamp Act had ever been, because it emboldened Britain to feel that it could pass strict legislation freely, with few repercussions. It was during the aftermath of the Declaratory Act, from 1766 to 1773, that colonial resistance to the Crown intensified and became quite violent.

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Molasses Act

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1733
high tariff on import of French molasses
-cols still permitted to export fit + farm products to fr islands
-major loophole Americans transport their own goods
-leads to widespread smuggling

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Charles Townsted

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Chancellor of Exchequer
-Him and the board of trade intend on ending "salutary neglect"
-want more imperial costal
- British member of Parliament who crafted the 1767 Townshend Acts

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Revenue Act (Townstead duties)

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1762-
tighten up custom services
-seize vessels carrying goods to/from french islands

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Townsted Acts

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1767
-Named after Parliamentarian Charles Townshend, these acts included small duties on all imported glass, paper, lead, paint, and, most significant, tea. Hundreds of thousands of colonists drank tea daily and were therefore outraged at Parliament’s new tax.

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Nonimportation Agreement

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many shippers, particularly in Boston, began to import smuggled tea. Although initial opposition to the Townshend Acts was less extreme than the initial reaction to the Stamp Act, it eventually became far greater. The nonimportation agreements, for example, proved to be far more effective this time at hurting British merchants. Within a few years’ time, colonial resistance became more violent and destructive.

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Boston Massacre

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ensions mounted until March 5, 1770, when a protesting mob clashed violently with British regulars, resulting in the death of five Bostonians. Although most historians actually blame the rock-throwing mob for picking the fight, Americans throughout the colonies quickly dubbed the event the Boston Massacre. This incident, along with domestic pressures from British merchants suffering from colonial nonimportation agreements, convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. The tax on tea, however, remained in place as a matter of principle. This decision led to more violent incidents.

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Tea Act

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1773

granting the financially troubled British East India Company an exclusive monopoly on tea exported to the American colonies. This act agitated colonists even further: although the new monopoly meant cheaper tea, many Americans believed that Britain was trying to dupe them into accepting the hated tax.
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Boston Tea Party

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Thomas Hutchinson resolved to uphold the law and ordered that three ships arriving in Boston Harbor be allowed to despoit their cargoes and that appropriate payment be made for the goods. This policy prompted about sixty men, including some members of the Sons of Liberty, to board the ships on the night of December 16, 1 773 (disguised as Native Americans) and dump the tea chests into the water. The event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

The dumping of the tea in the harbor was the most destructive act that the colonists had taken against Britain thus far. The previous rioting and looting of British officials’ houses over the Stamp Act had been minor compared to the thousands of pounds in damages to the ships and tea. Governor Hutchinson, angered by the colonists’ disregard for authority and disrespect for property, left for England. The “tea party” was a bold and daring step forward on the road to outright revolution.

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Coercive/Intolerable Acts

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Numbered among these Intolerable Acts was the Boston Port Bill, which closed Boston Harbor to all ships until Bostonians had repaid the British East India Company for damages. The acts also restricted public assemblies and suspended many civil liberties. Strict new provisions were also made for housing British troops in American homes, reviving the indignation created by the earlier Quartering Act, which had been allowed to expire in 1770. Public sympathy for Boston erupted throughout the colonies, and many neighboring towns sent food and supplies to the blockaded city.

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Quebec Act

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This act granted more freedoms to Canadian Catholics and extended Quebec’s territorial claims to meet the western frontier of the American colonies.

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Committee of Corrospondence

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an exchange of ideas in letters and pamphlets among members. Within a few years, this one committee led to dozens of similar discussion groups in towns throughout the colonies. Eventually, these isolated groups came together to facilitate the exchange of ideas and solidify opposition to the Crown. The Committees of Correspondence proved invaluable in uniting colonists, distributing information, and organizing colonial voices of opposition.

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First COnt COng

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sept 5, 1774-oct 26
Goals-define americas greivances, repeal coercive, resistance plan, define relationship with britain, urge cols to boycott

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2nd Cont Cong

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convened a few weeks after the Battle of Lexington and Concord to decide just how to handle the situation. Delegates from all thirteen colonies gathered once again in Philadelphia and discussed options. The desire to avoid a war was still strong, and in July 1775, delegate John **inson from Pennsylvania penned the Olive Branch Petition to send to Britain. All the delegates signed the petition, which professed loyalty to King George III and beseeched him to call off the troops in Boston so that peace between the colonies and Britain could be restored. George III eventually rejected the petition.

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Common Sense

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Thomas Paine - Radical philosopher who strongly supported republicanism; wrote 1776 pamphlet Common Sense, which was a best-seller in the American colonies

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Common Sense (for real)

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The radical English author and philosopher Thomas Paine helped turn American public opinion against Britain and solidify the emerging colonial unity with his January 1776 pamphlet Common Sense , which denounced King George III as a tyrannical “brute.” Paine, reasoning that it was unnatural for the smaller England to dominate the larger collection of American states, called on Americans to unite and overthrow British rule so that they could usher in an era of freedom for humanity. Inspiring and easy to read, Common Sense stirred the hearts of thousands of Americans and persuaded many would-be Loyalists and fence-sitters to fight for independence. The pamphlet caused a huge sensation throughout the colonies and sold over 100,000 copies within a few months of its first printing.

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Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Jefferson - Virginia statesman who drafted the Declaration of Independence
John Adams - Massachusetts delegate at the Continental Congress; assisted Jefferson with revisions to the Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin - Pennsylvania delegate at the Continental Congress; assisted Jefferson with revisions to the Declaration of Independence
George III - King of Great Britain throughout the American Revolution

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King Williams War

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1689
England joined coalition against Louis XIV
-oppose french expansion, 1st struggle to involve colonists and NA in European rivalries

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Queen Anne's War

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Fr and NA (hurons) allies destroy troupes in maine and mass
England gets Hudson bay, Arcadia, New Foundland, keep under "treaty of utreacht"
make trade agreement with spain

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jenkin's ear war

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1729
-Capt Robert jenkin's "war of jenkins ear"
England vs. french and spain

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Iriquois Confedercay

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Covenen + Chain (1677-1753)
1690-reps of NY, Mass, Plymouth, Croan riot in NYC

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King George's War

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started by jenkins ear war
attacks on civilians
capture french bastion of louisbourg under william pepper ell
Later xchange Louisborg for british outpost in India that French seized

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The Great Awakening (1730-1760)

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in 1690s english authorities force NE cols gives to tolerate other del groups
-in NE puritanism and "city on a hill" vision had been warring
-1700-religion not as pivotal in col society
new light (presybos, maps, methodists) vs "old light" (puritans, quakers, anglicans)
-new wave of colleges

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GEORGE WHITEFIELD-

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celeb miniter
methodist
traveled thru cols -mass revivals
"grace given by god, not earned but ppl need to worship more and have more faith"
emotion used in surmons
ppl cry and shake

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Jonathon Edwards

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Evangelical Congregationlalist monister
redepmption possible thru gods grace

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Edward Braddock

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evict the french from OH Valley and Canada
attacks OH Vall, Mohawk Valley and Acadia
kill 10 mi from Duqesne by fr and inds

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WIlliam Pitt

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becomes foreign minister (Sec of State)
understood col concerns
col loyalty and mil cooperation--said brit would reimburse col assemblies

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Ohio Company of VA

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company by Vas that set up in ohio valley to trade with NAs.
Had land grant from Brit and treaty with NAs
France claims the area?!?!
conflict provokes french and indian War

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Writes of Assistance

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-allowed to seize illegal imported goods, general search warrant, allows officers to search any ship

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Administration of Justice Act

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1774
part of coercive acts
"murder act"
people charged with murder in cols were to have a trial in britain

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John dickinsons' Letter from a farmer

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John dickinson-preends to be a farmer (rly a young lawyer)
rights political letter that's published
made lots of ppl 4 rebellion
"legality of a tax depends on its intent"

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NY suspending Act

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Brit threatened to nullify all laws passed by cols of NY didn't follow quartering act. NY didn't want to follow the quartering act

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Patrick Henry

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May 1765
Va house of burgesses
Blames King george III for supporting prime ministers
and stamp act

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Samuel Adams "Circular Letter"

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passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts.
sent to all the cols
challenges various taxes, the salary system for judges, the ability of customs officials to appoint numerous officers and the fact that some officials wages were determined without the consent of the people, all of which complaints later appear in the Declaration of Independence.

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Sons of Liberty

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wants stamp collectives to reign the rob on battle