Apush Chapter9

Front 1

Alaska

Back 1

Russian settlement in North America, which was an extension of their conquest of Siberia.

Front 2

Vitus Bering

Back 2

Danish born, Russian naval officer that discovered Alaska in 1741.

Front 3

Aleuts

Back 3

Native people of Alaska.

Front 4

Gregory Shelikhov

Back 4

Merchant trader who set up a post on Kodiak island in 1784.

Front 5

Alaska

Back 5

Russian settlement in North America, which was an extension of their conquest of Siberia.

Front 6

Vitus Bering

Back 6

Danish born, Russian naval officer that discovered Alaska in 1741.

Front 7

Aleuts

Back 7

Native people of Alaska.

Front 8

Gregory Shelikhov

Back 8

Merchant trader who set up a post on Kodiak island in 1784.

Front 9

Kodiak

Back 9

Location of the Russian-American Company, island off Pacific coast of Alaska.

Front 10

Nootka Sound

Back 10

On Vancouver Island, location of a British trading post for sea otter furs, claimed by Spain in 1770s.

Front 11

Jean Baptiste le Moyene

Back 11

Governor of Louisiana, Founded New Orleans in 1718.

Front 12

polygot

Back 12

French dominated society (New Orleans, 1763 under Spanish rule).

Front 13

Pinckney Treaty, 1795

Back 13

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Front 14

Kentucky & Tennessee

Back 14

First trans-Appalachian states admitted to the Union (1792 & 1796).

Front 15

"Queen City of the West"

Back 15

Cincinnati

Front 16

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Back 16

Americans defeated the Miami Indians on August 20, 1794 near what is today Toledo, Ohio.

Front 17

City of Brotherly Love

Back 17

Philadelphia

Front 18

barter

Back 18

American farmers produced excess commodities such as whiskey and hogs that the could barter (trade) for other goods.

Front 19

cotton gin

Back 19

1793, developed by Eli Whitney, mechanized the process of removing seeds, made cotton a profitable crop and reinforced importance of slavery in economy of South

Front 20

urbanization

Back 20

Coastal cities grew rapidly from 1790 to 1820, a sign of strong economic growth.

Front 21

Robert Morris

Back 21

Philadelphia financier invested in merchant ships that traded with China.

Front 22

Robert Gray

Back 22

Sailed ships to China, Columbia. Discovered the mouth of a large river in the Pacific Northwest and named it after his ship, the Columbia River.

Front 23

clipper ship

Back 23

Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. They were developed in the second quarter of the 1800s. These ships were unequalled in speed and were used for trade.

Front 24

Federal City

Back 24

Washington DC, where Jefferson began his presidency in 1801.

Front 25

Virginia Dynasty

Back 25

Common philosophy among three Virginia presidents: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, embodied Jefferson's interpretation of the meaning of republicanism for Americans.

Front 26

agrarian republic

Back 26

Jefferson envisioned a nation of small family farms clustered together in rural communities.

Front 27

Thomas Malthus

Back 27

1798, Englishman who published Essay on the Principal of Population, which gave a gloomy outlook of exploding populations that would overwhelm the food supply.

Front 28

Louisiana Purchase

Back 28

April 30, 1803, Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory from France. Doubled the size of the United States for about 3 cents per acre.

Front 29

Pierre L'Enfant

Back 29

Laid out a magnificent plan of broad streets and sweeping vistas for the nation's capital, similar to Paris.

Front 30

Judiciary Act

Back 30

1801, Passed by the Federalists in Congress, packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, to prolong their legacy.

Front 31

Marbury v. Madison

Back 31

1803, William Marbury had been one of the “midnight judges” appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D.C., but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, he sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws (judicial review).

Front 32

John Marshall

Back 32

Chief Justice of Supreme Court, cousin of Jefferson, had served at Valley Forge during the War, influenced by the drawbacks of no central authority, lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government.

Front 33

Napoleon

Back 33

Took over as dictator of France in 1799.

Front 34

Battle of Waterloo

Back 34

June 18, 1815, Napoleon was defeated ending his rule of France.

Front 35

Tossaint L'Ouverture

Back 35

Haitian general on the island of Santo-Domingo, who succeeded in liberating the island from France in 1801. Napoleon later defeated him.

Front 36

Meriwether Lewis

Back 36

1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to explore new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 21/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope, and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.

Front 37

William Clark

Back 37

1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to explore new territory. Along with a Shoshoni woman named Sacajawea, the two spent 21/2 years exploring the land, marveling at the expanses of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope, and went all the way to Oregon and the Pacific before returning.

Front 38

Sacajawea

Back 38

Fifteen year old wife of a Frenchman who joined the expedition westward. With her baby, she was an indication to other Indians that they were on a peaceful mission as babies did not travel on war parties.

Front 39

Sioux

Back 39

Indian tribe who the Mandan were concerned that Americans could not deter.

Front 40

matrilineal clans

Back 40

Principal institution of the Mandan Indian community, who lived along the Missouri River on the edge of the Great Plains, distributed food to the sick, adopted orphans, cared for the dependent elderly and punished wrong doers.

Front 41

William Clairborne

Back 41

Governor of Lower Louisiana Territory, came to accept the value of French institutions in the region, and adopted a legal code based on French civil law rather than English common law.

Front 42

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Back 42

1810, Led populist revolt in Mexico against Spanish royalist, executed by royalist.

Front 43

Father Jose Maria Morelos

Back 43

1813, Led populist revolt in Mexico against Spanish royalist, executed by royalist.

Front 44

Bernardo Gutierrez

Back 44

1812, Mexican republican who led a group of mostly American adventurers on an attack of Texas, capturing San Antonio, and declared Texas independent. Royalists recapture a year later.

Front 45

Election of 1804

Back 45

Jefferson easily won re-election after the Louisiana Purchase.

Front 46

impressments

Back 46

Illegal seizure of men and forcing of them to serve on ships.

Front 47

Leopard

Back 47

1807, a royal frigate, the Leopard, overtook the Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia, damaging ship because the American captain refused to deliver four wanted crewmen to the British ship.

Front 48

Chesapeake

Back 48

1807, a royal frigate, the Leopard, overtook the Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia, damaging ship because the American captain refused to deliver four wanted crewmen to the British ship.

Front 49

Non-Importation Act, 1806

Back 49

To stop the British and French seizure of American ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo.

Front 50

Embargo Act, 1807

Back 50

Forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or foreign ships, later repealed in 1809.

Front 51

Election of 1808

Back 51

The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney.

Front 52

James Madison

Back 52

March 4, 1809 became the fifth president of the United States

Front 53

Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

Back 53

Reopened trade with all the nations of the world, except France and England.

Front 54

Macon's Bill No. 2, 1810

Back 54

Opened American trade with all the world, also promised American restoration of trade to France and/or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions.

Front 55

Five Civilized Tribes

Back 55

South of the Ohio River: Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks and the Seminoles.

Front 56

Indian Policy

Back 56

With westward expansion, reality conflicted with policy of the Intercourse Act. Commonly settler pushed ahead of treaty boundaries, and fought for the land. Resulted in a constant struggle with Indians over land.

Front 57

Indian Intercourse Act of 1790

Back 57

United States could not simply seize Indian land. Land could only be acquired when Indians ceded it by treaty.

Front 58

Little Turtle

Back 58

Leader of the Miami Indians defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Front 59

Black Hoof

Back 59

Led a group of Shawnee Indians who accepted acculturation (exchange of cultural features) of Quaker and Moravian missionaries.

Front 60

Tecumseh

Back 60

A Shawnee leader, who fought against the United States expansion into the Midwest. He opposed any surrender of Native American land to whites, and tried with his brother, Tenskwatawa the "Prophet," in uniting the tribes from American customs, especially liquor. He was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Front 61

William H. Harrison

Back 61

Governor of Indiana territory, led US forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe

Front 62

The Prophet

Back 62

or Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh's brother, together tried to unite tribes from American customs, especially liquor.

Front 63

Treaty of Fort Wayne

Back 63

1809, United States gained 3 million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana, and led to active resistance among Indians to further westward expansion.

Front 64

War Hawks

Back 64

A group of militants in Madison’s Democratic-Republican party, who wanted more aggressive policies toward the hostile British and French.

Front 65

General William Hull

Back 65

1812, General of the Michigan Territory, led a group into western Canada, but were pushed back by a British-Indian alliance, which went on to capture Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago).

Front 66

Captain Oliver Perry

Back 66

Defeated a British naval squadron on Lake Erie, after which the British could not retain control of Detroit.

Front 67

Red Sticks

Back 67

Part of the Creek Indian tribe, allied with the British and Spanish, defeated at Battle of Horseshoe Bend by Andrew Jackson's forces who gained 23 million acres from the Creek in the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814.

Front 68

Andrew Jackson

Back 68

Defeated the Red Sticks (Creek) in 1814, gaining 23 million acres in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

Front 69

Washington, D.C.

Back 69

New site of the nation's capital

Front 70

Fort McHenry

Back 70

During the War of 1812 on September 13-14, Fort McHenry withstood a 25-hour bombardment by the British Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochane and his fleet, which prompted the famous "Star-spangled Banner," by Francis Scott Key when he saw the flag still standing.

Front 71

Hartford Convention

Back 71

1814, Damaged the Federalists with its resolutions to the idea of secession, leaving an idea of disloyalty to use against them.

Front 72

Treaty of Ghent

Back 72

December 24, 1814, ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner.

Front 73

Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814

Back 73

Ceded 23 million acres of Creek land to the United States following Jackson's defeat of the Red Sticks.

Front 74

Lake Erie

Back 74

In upstate New York, the Mohawk and Genesee Turnpike led New England migrants to Lake Erie, where they traveled by boat to northern Ohio.

Front 75

National Road

Back 75

One of four major migration routes, from Baltimore to Wheeling (West Virginia).

Front 76

Wilderness Road

Back 76

One of four major migration routes, passed through the Cumberland Gap in the mountains of North and South Carolina, and Tennessee to Kentucky.

Front 77

Federal Road

Back 77

One of four major migration routes, skirted the southern edge of the Appalachians, allowing farmers from South Carolina and eastern Georgia to move directly into Alabama and Mississippi.

Front 78

Second Great Awakening

Back 78

Occurring mainly in the frontier states, the Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and was characterized by "camp meetings," or open air revivals which lasted for weeks at a time where revivalists spoke of the second coming of Jesus.

Front 79

Election of 1816

Back 79

James Monroe easily succeeded Madison's two successful terms, against Rufus King of New York.

Front 80

John Quincy Adams

Back 80

U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and was Secretary of State under President Monroe.

Front 81

American System

Back 81

Henry Clay proposed a strong banking system, advocated a protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish, and also included a network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley, to be funded for by the tariffs, and through which would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East.

Front 82

Tariff of 1816

Back 82

After the war British dump cheap goods in America. First in U.S. history designed for protection, put a 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports.

Front 83

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Back 83

1818; opened Oregon Territory to mutual administration for ten years; demilitarized Great Lakes; eventually became permanent policy. Adams signed it with England securing the boundary between Louisiana and British Canada.

Front 84

Convention of 1818

Back 84

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Front 85

Adams-Onis Treaty

Back 85

1819, Purchased eastern Florida to establish the boundary between Mexico and the Louisiana territory.

Front 86

Monroe Doctrine

Back 86

1823 No colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and also, European nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs. an expression of post-1812 U.S. nationalism, gave a voice of patriotism, and added to the illusion of isolationism.

Front 87

Panic of 1819

Back 87

Economic panic (first since Washington’s times) brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons. Caused by over speculation on land, and high debt of Bank of U.S.

Front 88

Missouri Compromise

Back 88

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; declared all territory north of the 36°30" latitude would become free states, and all south would become slave states.

Front 89

James Tallmadge

Back 89

Representative from New York, began more than a year of controversy when he demanded that Missouri agree to the gradual end of slavery as a price for entering the Union.

Front 90

Henry Clay

Back 90

Pushed the Missouri Compromise through the House of Representatives.