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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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As Americans moved west across the Appalachians, they were ______ isolated from markets?
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more
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What four inventions in rapid succession wrenched America out of its economic past, and what effects did they have? (3)
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steamboat, canal, railroad, and telegraph; opened land to new settlement, lowered transportation costs, and linked farmers to markets
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What was the first advance in overland transportation? What effort was made to avoid this advance?
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"turnpikes"; "shunpikes"--detours that enabled people to avoid the tolls--were built
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What method of transportation most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce?
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water transportation (e.g. steamboat)
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What was the first steamboat, where was it travelling, and what did it enable?
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"Clermont" made by Robert Fulton; NYC to Albany via Hudson River; upstream commerce
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What invention allowed goods to flow from the Great Lakes to New York City, and what cities did it give birth to?
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Erie Canal; Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse
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What governor oversaw the construction of the Erie Canal?
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DeWitt Clinton
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What areas of manufacturing did the creation of railroads stimulate?
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coal mining for fuel and manufacturing of iron for locomotives and rails
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What was the nation's first commercial railroad? What was the first long-distance line to operate?
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Baltimore and Ohio; South Carolina Canal and Railroad
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Who invented the telegraph?
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Samuel F. B. Morse
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Improvements in what two areas made possible the rise of the West as its own powerful region?
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transportation and communication
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What was the catalyst that sparked settlers from eastern states to move to the West?
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War of 1812
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What six states entered the Union in the six years following the end of the War of 1812?
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Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Maine
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Three streams of migration:
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from the South to the Deep South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas); from Upper South to southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; from New England to the Upper Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin)
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Define "squatters":
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western migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title
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How did Americans acquire Florida and Louisiana from Spain?
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American residents of West Florida seized Baton Rouge; Georgia and Alabama planters wished to eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves in East Florida, so Andrew Jackson led troops there. Jackson withdrew, but Spain sold the land to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
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What sparked the rise of the Cotton Kingdom?
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the early industrial revolution created a demand for cotton, which the Deep South was suited to grow. Cotton marketing was slow, however, due to the task of seed removal. UNTIL, that is, Eli Whitney's cotton gin.
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Slave coffles:
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groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South
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Despite the South's commercial success, it remained overwhelmingly _________ while the rest of the country became __________.
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agrarian; industrial
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How did the market revolution and westward expansion change the lifestyle of farmers?
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They grew crops and raised livestock for sale while purchasing at stores goods that used to be made in the home.
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What machine made possible the rapid subduing of western prairies?
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John Deere's steel plow
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What machine increased the amount of wheat produced and consumed in the USA?
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Cyrus McCormick's reaper
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What three western cities expanded tremendously?
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Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago
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What was Cincinnati's nickname and why?
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"porkopolis" after its slaughterhouses where hundreds of thousands of pigs were butchered each year
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How did the market revolution alter the lives of urban workers? (4)
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Businessman increased production and reduced their labor costs. Artisans gathered in workshops instead of at home. Craftsmen broke down their labor process into numerous steps. They were constantly supervised.
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Who established America's first factory and where?
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Samuel Slater; Pawtucket, Rhode Island
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Describe the "outwork" system
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Rural men and women earned money by taking in jobs from factories (e.g. a factory producing yarn that was sent to a farm family to be woven into cloth)
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What simulated the establishment of the first large-scale American factory?
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the cutoff of British imports due to the Embargo
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What was the first factory town in America?
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Lowell, Massachusetts
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What made it possible for factories to be made away from the "fall line" (where waterfalls and river rapids were used for power)?
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steam power
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What development became known as the "American system of manufactures"?
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interchangeable parts (invented by Eli Whitney)
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The industrial revolution mainly took place in what region?
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New England
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The market revolution changed what aspects of the American's life?
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-Time and work hours became more defined.
-Pay, formerly known as "price", became known as "wage" and paid by the hour |
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Describe life at the Lowell Mills:
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young, unmarried women from Yankee farm families dominated the workforce; workers lived in strict boarding houses and were constantly supervised. However, they valued their independence and ability to earn money on their own.
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What factors inspired the massive growth of immigration? (3)
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The industrial revolution in Europe pushed peasants off land and eliminated the jobs of craft workers. Also, steamships and railroads made long-distance travel practical. Finally, Europe's oppressive government and social hierarchies caused many people to leave.
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The largest number of immigrants, however, were ________
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refugees from disaster (Irish after Potato Famine)
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What role did Irish immigrants have in the workforce upon coming to America?
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They filled the low-wage, unskilled jobs that most Americans didn't want anyway.
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What is the German triangle?
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Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee
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How were immigrants, particularly Irish, treated by Americans?
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poorly; "Nativists" feared the impact of immigration on political and social life. However, the Irish were brought into the political machines of the Democratic party that offered jobs and relief to struggling newcomers.
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Who did American law support?
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entrepreneurs in their efforts to participate in the market revolution; it shielded them from interference by local government
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What is the difference between a corporation and a privately owned company?
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The investors and directors of an organization are not liable for the company's debts. Thus, corporation made more money and became more popular.
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Dartmouth v. Woodward:
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Corporate charters issued by state legislatures are contracts, which future lawmakers could not change or rescind
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Gibbons v. Ogden:
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Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce
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Commonwealth v. Hunt
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unions were legal organizations and had the right to organize a strike
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Manifest destiny
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yeah i know what this is so no point in defining it here
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What did transcendentalists believe?
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They emphasized individual judgment over social traditions and institutions.
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Two famous transcendentalists?
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Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
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What did individualists believe (ironically, because of the times)?
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Americans should depend on no one but themselves --> "sovereign individual"; increased concept of privacy
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Who was a famous Second Great Awakening preacher and what/where did he preach?
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Charles Granderson Finney; upstate New York (Oneida County)/NYC; warned of the horrors of hell and how people could abandon their sinful ways
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What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on Christianity?
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it democratized the religion, making it a mass enterprise
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In contrast to the first Great Awakening, what did the Second Great Awakening stress upon humans?
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that humans have the right of private judgment in spiritual matters and that universal salvation must be achieved through faith and good works
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What was the hypocrisy committed by revivalist ministers?
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They preached against the ways of market society, yet they took advantage of its opportunities (transportation, mass-production, etc.)
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Who was the era's most prominent economist?
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Henry C. Carey
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The concept of liberty became closely tied with ______
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the idea of material success
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John Jacob Astor:
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son of a poor German butcher who earned profits shipping furs to China and importing teas and silk; he invested in real estate and built Astor House (famous hotel); died the richest man in the US
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Were free blacks able to take advantage of the market revolution's many opportunities? How did they respond to this?
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NOPE; they developed their own public facilities (e.g. schools, churches, etc.)
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How did many women feel about the market revolution?
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They felt that their role at home, which previously included making goods, was undermined by the new mass-production of these goods.
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"Virtue" for a woman meant:
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sexual innocence, beauty, frailty, and dependence on men
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What is the "cult of domesticity"?
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A woman belongs in the home and should be "virtuous"
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What did women find work doing?
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low-paying jobs as domestic servants, factory workers, and seamstresses
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What book, and written by whom, prepared women for the ups and downs of the market revolution?
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The Frugal Housewife by Lydia Maria Child
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What did those who opposed the market revolution argue?
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the obsession with personal economic gain undermined devotion to the public good (hmmmm, sounds familiar...)
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What effect did the market revolution have on economic classes?
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it widened the gap between the wealthy merchants and poor workers
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Workingmen's Parties:
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short-lived political parties created by skilled craftsmen who sought free public education, an end to imprisonment for debt, and to limit work hours
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