Apush Chapter 25

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Louis Sullivan

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(1856-1924) development of the skyscraper with the principle that " form follows function" He was the father of modernism.

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"Dumbbell" tenement

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named so because it was outlined of its flppw plan. it was usually seven or eight stories high with shallopw sunless and ill smellin air shafts providing minimal ventilation. Several families were standed on this barrackades. One toilet per floor.

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"Flophouses"

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This is were the half starved and the unemplyed might sleep for a few cents. It generally provided minimal services.

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New immigrants

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In the 1880s these new immigrants changed the face of America and spurred a new wave of nativism. The came from southern and easter Europe: Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. More orthodox churches and synagogues began popping up. They were largely illiterate and impoverished. They seeked industrial jobs and not farm jampacking the cities. These created ethnic ghettos within the cities in order to band together. Many were worried that they could not assimilate.

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Walter Rauschenbusch/ Washington Gladden

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(1861-1918) was a Baptist minister who was a key figure in the Social Gospel movement in America. He sought to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories. Gladden ( 1836-1918) was a leading American Congregational church pastor and early leader of the Social Gospel movement. He was a leading member of the Progressive Movement. Gladden was probably the first leading U.S. religious figure to support unionization of the workforce; he also opposed racial segregation. He was a prolific writer.

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"Social Gospel"

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The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-millennialist. That is because they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort. They declared that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity. This prepared the path for reform for the coming centuries.

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Jane Addams/ Hull House

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(1860-1935) Born is a prosperous Illinois family and was a college educated woman. She sought to teach or with charitable volunteers. They only work she could get for her social class. She was the founder of the US House Settlement movement. In 1889 she established the Hull House the most prominent American settlement house. She was an urban saint. She was antiwar and won the Noble Peace Prize.

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Florence Kelly/ social work

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(1859-1932) a social and political reformer from Philadelphia. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays and childrens's rights. She hasd insights to socialism and fought for rights foor women children, children, blacks, and consumers. Social work thus spurred. This was the oppurtunity of women.

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Social Codes for women

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Told women were they could get jobs and were they might work. A vast majority of women that worked were single for married women at work was taboo. Jobs depended on their race, ethnicity, and class.

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American Protective Association (APA)

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Created in 1887 was an American anti-Catholic society (similar to the Know Nothings) by Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa. It was most active between 1891 and 1897. Many members were Irish Protestants who belonged to the anti-Catholic Orange Order or German and Scandinavian Lutherans. They urged voting against Roman Catholics candidates for office and sponsored teh publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns.

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Urban Revivalists/ Dwight Lyman Moody

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Urban revivalists took the church to the city. They were the moral voice of the cities and their new sinful ways. Moody (1837-1899) also known as D.L. Moody, was an American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts. He spread a gospel of kindness and forgiveness. He adapted the oldtime religion to the facts of the city.

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Cardinal Gibbons

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(1834- 1921) James Gibbons was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.He had an urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity, was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants alike. He employed his liberal sympathies to assist teh American labor movement.

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Christian Science/ Mary Baker Eddy

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is a religious belief system founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 and is practiced by members of The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Christian Science asserts that Man and the universe as a whole are spiritual rather than material in nature and that truth and good are real tangible things, whereas evil and error are unreal. Christian Scientists believe that only through prayer and fully knowing and understanding God will this be demonstrated.That the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. Eddy ( 1821-1910) founded the Christian Science movement. She advocated Christian Science as a spiritual practical solution to health and moral issues.

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"Modernists"

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Came after the publishing of Charles Darwin the Origin of Species. They flatly refused to accept to the Bible in its entirety as either history or science.

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"Fundamentalists"

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Came after the publishing of Charles Darwin the Origin of Species. Stood firmly on the Scripture as teh inspired and inafalliable word of God. They condemed what they thought was the bestial hypothesis of the Darwinnians.

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Normal Schools

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was a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose was to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. Most such schools are now called teachers' colleges; however, in some places, the term normal school is still used.

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Chautauqua Movement

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is an adult education movement in the United States, highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout rural America until the mid-1920s. The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community, with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers and specialists of the day. This was the result of public school excluding adults. There were nation wide public lectures.

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Booker T. Washington

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(1856-1915) was an American political leader, educator, orator and author. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. Representing the last generation of black leaders born in slavery, and speaking for those blacks who had remained in the New South in an uneasy modus vivendi with the white southerners. He taught black students useful trades. He said that he could gain self respect and economic security. He saw a self help approach to solving the racial problems. He avoided social equality and he acquitesced in segregation in return for the right to develop. He said black economic independence would ultimately be the ticket.

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George Washington Carver

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(1864-1943) was an American scientist, botanist, educator and inventor whose studies and teaching revolutionized agriculture in the Southern United States. He was taught under the wing of Booker T Washington. He was an internationally famous agricultural chemis who provided a much needed boost to the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut.

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Dr. W.E.B Du Bois

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(1868-1963) was an American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor. He was the "enemy" of Booker T Washington. He condemed him as an Uncle Tom. He received the first PHD from Harvard for his race. He demanded complete equality for blacks social and economic. He also started the NAACP. The difference between him and Washington show the differences between the south and north negro. He renounced his American cicitizenship and moved to Ghana in 1963.

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Morril Act of 1862

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This
enlightened law, passed after the South had
seceded, provided a generous grant of the public
lands to the states for support of education. “Landgrant
colleges,’’ most of which became state universities,
in turn bound themselves to provide certain
services, such as military training.

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Hatch Act of 1887

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Extended the Morril Act provided federal
funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment
stations in connection with the land-grant
colleges.

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Sensationalism

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the notion that media outlets often choose to report heavily on stories with shock value or attention-grabbing names or events, rather than reporting on more pressing issues to the general public.

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Joseph Pulitzer/ William Randolph Hearts/ Yellow journalism

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Both were journalistic tycoons. Pulitzer ( 1847-1911) was a Hungarian-American publisher best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and for originating yellow journalism. Hearts ( 1863-1951) was an American newspaper magnate and leading newspaper publisher. He helped originate yellow journalism as well. That is a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists

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Edward Bellamy

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(1850-1898) was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, set in the year 2000. He “looks
backward’’ and finds that the social and economic
injustices of 1887 have melted away under an idyllic
government, which has nationalized big business to
serve the public interest. Influenced reform movements.

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"Dime novels"

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forms of late 19th century and early 20th century U.S. popular fiction, including “true” dime novels, story papers, five and ten cent weekly libraries, “thick book” reprints and sometimes even early pulp magazines. Dime novels are, at least in spirit, the antecedent of today’s mass market paperbacks, comic books, and even television shows and movies based on the dime novel genres. The Western was very popular indeed.

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Horatio Alger

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(1832-1899) was a prolific 19th-century American author whose principal output was formulaic juvenile novels that followed the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children in their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort. His novels were hugely popular in their day. He was a Puritan who emphazised kind of survival of
the purest, especially nonsmokers, nondrinkers,
nonswearers, and nonliars. Although Alger’s own
bachelor life was criticized, he implanted morality
and the conviction that there is always room at the
top.

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Mark Twain

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(1835–1910) had leapt
to fame with The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras
County (1867) and The Innocents Abroad (1869).
He teamed up with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873
to write The Gilded Age. An acid satire on post–Civil
War politicians and speculators, the book gave a
name to an era. With his scanty formal schooling in
frontier Missouri, Twain typified a new breed of
American authors in revolt against the elegant
refinements of the old New England school of writing.
Christened Samuel Langhorne Clemens, he had
served for a time as a Mississippi riverboat pilot and
later took his pen name, Mark Twain, from the boatman’s
cry that meant two fathoms. After a brief stint
in the armed forces,His later years
were soured by bankruptcy growing out of unwise
investments, and he was forced to take to the lecture
platform and amuse what he called “the
damned human race.’’ Journalist, humorist,
satirist, and foe of social injustice, he made his most
enduring contribution in recapturing frontier realism
and humor in the authentic American dialect.

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Bret Harte

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(1836–1902). A foppishly dressed New
Yorker, Harte struck it rich in California with goldrush
stories, especially “The Luck of Roaring Camp’’
and “The Outcasts of Poker Flat.’’ Catapulted suddenly
into notoriety by those stories, he never again
matched their excellence or their popularity. The West was gold.

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Jack London

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(1876–1916),
famous as a nature writer in such books as The Call
of the Wild (1903), turned to depicting a possible
fascistic revolution in The Iron Heel (1907). He was a drunk who later killed himself.

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Victoria Woodhull

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(1838-1927) was an American suffragist who was described by Gilded Age newspapers as a leader of the American woman's suffrage movement in the 19th century. She became a colorful and notorious symbol for women's rights, free love, and spiritualism as she fought against corruption and for labor reforms. She was the first woman along with her sister to operate a brokerage firm in Wall Street and then open a weekly newspaper. She is most famous for her declaration and campaign to run as the first woman for the United States Presidency in 1872.

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Anthony Comstock/ " Comstock Law"

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(1844-1915) was a former United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality. He made a life out of morality. In 1873 he made the notorious
“Comstock Law’’—this self-appointed defender
of sexual purity boasted that he had confiscated no
fewer than 202,679 “obscene pictures and photos’’;
4,185 “boxes of pills, powders, etc., used by abortionists’’;
and 26 “obscene pictures, framed on walls
of saloons.’’ His proud claim was that he had driven
at least fifteen people to suicide.

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Woman Suffrage Association/ Carrie Chapman Catt

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1869 in New York in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, who opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women, were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Membership was open to women only. NWSA worked to secure women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment. Catt (1859-1947) was a woman's suffrage leader. She was elected president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. under Catt the suffragists de-emphasized
the argument that women deserved the vote as a
matter of right, because they were in all respects the
equals of men. Instead Catt stressed the desirability
of giving women the vote if they were to continue to
discharge their traditional duties as homemakers
and mothers in the increasingly public world of the
city. Women had special responsibility for the health
of the family and the education of children, the
argument ran.

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"The Equality state"

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Women were increasingly permitted to vote in
local elections, particularly on issues related to the
schools. Wyoming Territory—later called “the Equality
State’’—granted the first unrestricted suffrage to
women in 1869. This important breach in the dike
once made, many states followed Wyoming’s example.

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Ida B. Wells

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(1862-1931) was an African American journalist, newspaper editor and, with her husband, a newspaper owner. An early leader in the civil rights movement, she documented the extent of lynching in the United States. She was also active in the women's rights movement and the women's suffrage movement.

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Women's Christian Temperance Union/ Frances E. Williard/ Carrie A. Nation

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is the oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization worldwide. Founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1874. They were against alcoholism. Williard ( 1839-1898) was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. also a champion of planned parenthood—
was its leading spirit. Nation (1846-1911) was a member of the temperance movement—which opposed alcohol in pre-Prohibition America—particularly noted for promoting her viewpoint through vandalism.With her hatchet she boldly smashed saloon bottles
and bars, and her “hatchetations’’ brought considerable
disrepute to the prohibition movement because
of the violence of her one-woman crusade.

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James Whistler

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(1834-1903) did much of his work,
including the celebrated portrait of his mother, in
England. This eccentric and quarrelsome Massachusetts
Yankee had earlier been dropped from
West Point after failing chemistry. He was a gifted painter

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Phineas T Barnum

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(1810-1891) was an American showman, businessman, and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

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Buffalo Bill

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(1846-1917) William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. the troupe included
war-whooping Indians, live buffalo, and deadeye
marksmen. Among them was the girlish Annie Oakley

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James Naismith

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(1861-1939) was a Canadian and naturalized American sports coach and innovator. Naismith invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and is often credited with introducing the first football helmet.