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37 Cards in this Set
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Smoot-Hawley Tariff |
A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the great depression; by taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and lead to greater economic contraction |
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Bonus Army |
A group of 15,000 unemployed WW1 veterans who set up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945 |
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fireside chats |
A series of informational radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained new deal initiatives |
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Hundred Days |
A legendary session during the first few months of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in which Congress enacted 15 major bills that focused primarily on four problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment |
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Emergency Banking Act |
Permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves |
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Glass-Steagall Act |
1933 law that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2500 (and now up to $250,000); the act also prohibited banks from making risky, unsecured investments with customer's deposits |
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Agricultural Adjustment Act |
New Deal legislation passed in May 1933 that aimed at cutting agricultural production to raise crop prices and thus farmers' income |
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Federal Emergency Relief Administraton |
Provided federal funds for state relief programs |
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National Recovery Administration |
Federal agency established in June 1933 to promote industrial recovery during the Great Depression; it encouraged industrialists to voluntarily adopt codes that defined fair working conditions, set prices, and minimized competition |
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Public Works Administration |
New Deal construction program established by Congress in 1933; designed to put people back to work, the PWA built the Boulder Dam (renamed Hoover Dam) and grand Coulee dam, among other large public works projects |
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Civilian Conservation Corps |
Federal relief program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed young men who built thousands of bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks, bolstering the national infrastructure |
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Federal Housing Administration |
And agency established by the Federal Housing Act of 1934 that refinanced home mortgages for mortgage holders facing possible foreclosure |
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Securities and exchange commission |
A commission established by Congress in 1934 to regulate the stock market; the commission had broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information about corporate plans |
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Liberty League |
A group of republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the new deal |
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National Association of Manufacturers |
An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation; in the era of the new deal, the group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail |
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Townsend Plan |
A plan proposed by Francis Townsend in 1933 that would give $200 a month (about $3,300 today) to citizens over the age of 60; clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions |
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welfare state |
The term applied to industrial democracies that adopt various government-guaranteed social-welfare programs; the creation of Social Security and other measures of the Second New Deal fundamentally changed American society and established this for the first time |
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Wagner Act |
A1935 act that upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions and established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion and to guarantee collective bargaining |
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Social Security Act |
A 1935 act with three main provisions: old-age pensions for workers; a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers; and a program of payments to widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled |
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classical liberalism |
The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government; the idea being that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development; attacking corruption and defending private property, late 19th century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation |
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Works Progress Administration |
Federal New Deal program established in 1935 that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression in areas ranging from construction to the arts |
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Roosevelt Recession |
A recession from 1937 to 1938 that occurred after President Roosevelt cut the federal budget |
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Keynesian economics |
The theory, developed by British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s, that purposeful government intervention in the economy (through lowering and raising taxes, interest rates, and government spending) can affect the level of overall economic activity in thereby prevent severe depressions and runaway inflation |
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Indian Reorganization Act |
A 1934 law that reversed the Dawes Act of 1887; through the law, Indians won a greater degree of religious freedom, and tribal governments regained their status as semisovereign dependent nations |
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dust bowl |
A series of dust storms from 1930 to 1941 during which a severe drought afflicted the semiarid states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, and Kansas |
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Grand Coulee Dam |
The largest project in the West, located in Washington state; built by the PWA and the Bureau of Reclamation, it was completed in 1941 and was the largest electricity producing structure in the world, with an 150-mile lake that provided irrigation for the state's major crops |
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Tennessee Valley Authority |
An agency funded by Congress in 1933 that integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development in the Tennessee Valley area |
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Rural Electrification Administration |
An agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines |
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Federal Writers Project (FWP) |
Employed 15,000 musicians and 5,000 writers, respectively; it also collected oral histories, including 2,000 narratives by former slaves; Zora Neale Hurston was a member |
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Herbert Hoover |
President at the start of the great depression; asked Americans to tighten your belt and work hard; after the stock market crash, he cut federal taxes in a tent to boost private spending in corporate investment; his adherence to the gold standard was a major reason for the Great Depression's length and severity in the United States; he called on state and local governments to provide jobs by investing in public projects, and created the Reconstruction finance Corporation |
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
Born into a wealthy New York family, he was a distant cousin to former President Theodore Roosevelt; after attending Harvard College and Columbia University, he served as assistant secretary of the Navy during World War I; then in 1921, a crippling attack of polio left both of his legs permanently paralyzed; he slowly returned a public life and campaigned successfully for the governorship of New York in 1928 and 1930, and was elected president in 1932; he promised vigorous action and implemented the new deal during his presidency |
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Father Charles Coughlin |
One of the foremost critics of the New Deal, was the "Radio Priest"; he believed that Roosevelt and the Democratic Party had not gone far enough in their efforts to ensure the social welfare of all citizens; at the height of his popularity he was one of the most recognizable religious leaders in the country; his remarks in the early 1930s were often laced with anti-Semitism |
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Huey Long |
Louisiana senator and the most direct political threat to Roosevelt; The Democratic governor of Louisiana from 1920 to 1932, he had achieved stunning popularity; he increased taxes on corporations, lowered the utility bills of consumers, and built new highways, hospitals,and schools; he seized almost dictatorial control of the state government; according to his Share Our Wealth Society, any inequalities in the distribution of wealth prohibited millions of ordinary families from buying goods, which kept factories humming |
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Frances Perkins |
The first woman named to a cabinet post, served as secretary of labor throughout Roosevelt's presidency |
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Eleanor Roosevelt |
The most prominent woman in American politics and President FDR's wife; in the 1920s she worked to expand positions for women in political parties, labor unions, and education; a tireless advocate for women's rights, during her years in the White House she emerged as an independent public figure and the most influential First Lady in the nation's history; she became the conscience of the new deal, pushing her husband to do more for the disadvantaged |
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Mary McLeod Bethune |
One of the most important appointees of an informal "black cabinet" of prominent African American intellectuals who advised New Deal agencies; born in 1875 in South Carolina to former slaves, she founded Bethune-Cookman College and served during the 1920s as president of the National Association of Colored Women; she joined the New Deal in 1935 and had access to the White House and pushed continually for New Deal programs to help African Americans |
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John Collier |
Progressive commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, an intellectual and critic of past BIA practices; he understood what Native Americans had long known: that the government's decades-long policy of forced assimilation, prohibition of Indian religions, and confiscation of Indian lands had left most tribes poor, isolated, and without basic self-determination; he helped to write and push through Congress the Indian reorganization act of 1934, sometimes called the Indian new deal |
