Apush Chapter 19

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Harriet Beecher Stowe/ "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

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(1811-1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the U.S. and Britain and made the political issues of the 1850s regarding slavery tangible to millions, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Upon meeting Stowe, Abraham Lincoln allegedly remarked, "So this is the little old lady who started this new great war!" an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings.

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Hinton B.Helper/"The Impending Crisis of the South"

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(1829-1909) was a Southern US critic of slavery during the 1850s. In 1857, he published a book which he dedicated to the "nonslaveholding whites" of the South. The Impending Crisis of the South, written partly in North Carolina but published when the author was in the North, argued that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. The Impending Crisis of the South is a book written by Hinton Rowan Helper, which he self-published in 1857. It was a strong attack on slavery as inefficient and a barrier to the economic advancement of whites. The book was widely distributed by Horace Greeley and other antislavery leaders, much to the vehement anger of the white Southern leaders.

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New England Emigrant Aid Company

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was a transportation company created to transport immigrants to Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state. Created by Eli Thayer in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal, the Company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and antislavery elements.

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Shawnee Mission/ Topeka

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Proslavery poured in from Missouri to vote early and often in 1855 when Kansas was electing members of the first territorial legislation. The slavery supporters triumphed and then
set up their own puppet government at Shawnee
Mission. The free-soilers, unable to stomach this
fraudulent conspiracy, established an extralegal
regime of their own in Topeka. The confused
Kansans thus had their choice between two governments—
one based on fraud, the other on illegality.

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John Brown

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(1800-1859) was an American abolitionist, and folk hero who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.He became the martyr for abolitionist.

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Pottawatomie Creek

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Brooding over the recent attack on
Lawrence, “Old Brown” of Osawatomie led a band of
his followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856.
There they literally hacked to pieces five surprised
men, presumed to be proslaveryites. This brought vicious retaliations from the proslavery forces.

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Lecompton Constitution

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Written by the proslavery forces of Kansas in 1857. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution either “with slavery” or “with no slavery.” If they voted against slavery, one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas. So whatever the outcome, there would still be black bondage in Kansas. Many free-soilers, infuriated by this ploy, boycotted the polls. Left to themselves, the proslaveryites approved the constitution with slavery late in 1857. Douglas defeated this with true popular soverignty.

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Senator Douglas/ "True Popular Soverignty"

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Senator Douglas, who
had championed true popular sovereignty, would
have none of this semipopular fraudulency. Deliberately
tossing away his strong support in the South
for the presidency, he fought courageously for fair
play and democratic principles. The outcome was a
compromise that, in effect, submitted the entire
Lecompton Constitution to a popular vote. The freesoil
voters thereupon thronged to the polls and
snowed it under. Kansas remained a territory until
1861, when the southern secessionists left Congress

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Senator Charles Sumner

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(1811-1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. He was one of the most disliked men in Senate. He was the Senator that Brooks beat with a cain. The injuries were serious to his head and nervous system. He had to go to Europe for three years in order to get better. Brooks reasoning was that Sumner insulted Senator Andrew Butler who was a distant cousin and represented his state.

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Preston S. Brooks/ " Bully" Brooks

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*(1819-1857) was a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, known for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate in response to a perceived insult. His first cousin, Matthew Butler, was a Confederate general. After Sumner insulted his distance cousin and state he took vengence in his own hands. To Brooks, the only alternative was to chastise the senator as one would beat an unruly dog. On May 22, 1856, he approached Sumner, then sitting at his Senate desk, and pounded the orator with an eleven-ounce cane until it broke. He was put in the wrong by the Senate. Southern admirers deluged Brooks with canes, some of them goldheaded, to replace the one that had been broken. The free-soil North was mightily aroused against the “uncouth” and “cowardly” “Bully” Brooks. The Sumner-Brooks clash and the ensuing reactions revealed how dangerously inflamed passions were becoming, North and South.

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Election of 1856

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The United States presidential election of 1856 was unusually heated. Republican candidate John C. Frémont condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and crusaded against the Slave Power and the expansion of slavery, while Democrat James Buchanan warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to civil war. The Democrats endorsed the moderate “popular sovereignty” approach to slavery expansion utilized in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Former President Millard Fillmore represented a third party, the relatively new American Party or “Know-Nothings”. The Know Nothings, who ignored the slavery issue in favor of anti-immigration policies, won a little over a fifth of the vote.The Know nothings cut into the Republican vote.

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Republican defeat

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The Republicans lost for several reasons. Frémont lost much ground because of grave doubts as to his honesty, capacity, and sound judgment.
Perhaps more damaging were the violent threats of the southern “fire-eaters” that the election of a sectional “Black Republican” would be a declaration of war on them, forcing them to secede. Many northerners, anxious to save both the Union and their profitable business connections with the South, were thus intimidated into voting for Buchanan. Innate conservatism triumphed, assisted by so-called southern bullyism. This also kept the union together during the war. If Republicans had won in 1856 the north would have been more willing to let the South go then in 1860.

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Dred Scott Case

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Dred Scott decision, handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6, 1857 was the opening to the Civil War. Dred Scott, a black slave, had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. This turned a simple legal case into a complex political issue. It ruled, not surprisingly, that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, and hence could not sue in federal courts. The southern majority of the Supreme court decided to take things further.

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Chief Justice Taney/ ruling

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*(1777-1864) He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, that ruled, that African Americans, being considered "of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race" at the time the Constitution was drafted, could not be considered citizens of the United State ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens. It also held that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The Court also ruled that because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves—as chattel or private property—could not be taken away from their owners without due process. The Court ruled that the compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional. This further divided the North and South. Congress said that Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories, regardless even of what the territorial legislatures themselves might want.

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Election of 1856

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The United States presidential election of 1856 was unusually heated. Republican candidate John C. Frémont condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and crusaded against the Slave Power and the expansion of slavery, while Democrat James Buchanan warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to civil war. The Democrats endorsed the moderate “popular sovereignty” approach to slavery expansion utilized in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Former President Millard Fillmore represented a third party, the relatively new American Party or “Know-Nothings”. The Know Nothings, who ignored the slavery issue in favor of anti-immigration policies, won a little over a fifth of the vote.The Know nothings cut into the Republican vote.

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Financial Crash of 1857: North and South

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was a sudden downturn in the economy of the United States that occurred in 1857. A general recession first emerged late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was more political than economic. The panic began with a loss of confidence in an Ohio bank, but spread as railroads failed, and fears that the US Federal Government would be unable to pay obligations in specie mounted. California gold lead to inflation, business failed, and unemployment was rampt. Demand for grain from the Crimenean War was over stimulated. The North, including its grain growers, was
hardest hit. The South, enjoying favorable cotton
prices abroad, rode out the storm with flying colors.This made the South think that they could survive without the North. Financial distress in the North, especially in
agriculture, gave a new vigor to the demand for free
farms of 160 acres from the public domain. The North demanded free land that was passed in Congress but vetoed by Buchanan. Northern manufactures blamed their misfortunes on low tariffs. gave
the Republicans two surefire economic issues for
the election of 1860: protection for the unprotected
and farms for the farmless.

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Republican defeat

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The Republicans lost for several reasons. Frémont lost much ground because of grave doubts as to his honesty, capacity, and sound judgment.
Perhaps more damaging were the violent threats of the southern “fire-eaters” that the election of a sectional “Black Republican” would be a declaration of war on them, forcing them to secede. Many northerners, anxious to save both the Union and their profitable business connections with the South, were thus intimidated into voting for Buchanan. Innate conservatism triumphed, assisted by so-called southern bullyism. This also kept the union together during the war. If Republicans had won in 1856 the north would have been more willing to let the South go then in 1860.

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Dred Scott Case

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Dred Scott decision, handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6, 1857 was the opening to the Civil War. Dred Scott, a
black slave, had lived with his master for five years
in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested
abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis
of his long residence on free soil. This turned a simple legal case into a complex political issue. It ruled, not
surprisingly, that Dred Scott was a black slave and
not a citizen, and hence could not sue in federal
courts. The southern majority of the Supreme court decided to take things further.

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Chief Justice Taney/ ruling

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(1777-1864) He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, that ruled, among others, that African Americans, being considered "of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race" at the time the Constitution was drafted, could not be considered citizens of the United States.ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants—whether or not they were slaves—were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States. It also held that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The Court also ruled that because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves—as chattel or private property—could not be taken away from their owners without due process.The Court ruled that the compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional. This further divided the North and South. Congress said that Congress
had no power to ban slavery from the territories,
regardless even of what the territorial legislatures
themselves might want.

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Financial Crash of 1857: North and South

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was a sudden downturn in the economy of the United States that occurred in 1857. A general recession first emerged late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was more political than economic. The panic began with a loss of confidence in an Ohio bank, but spread as railroads failed, and fears that the US Federal Government would be unable to pay obligations in specie mounted. California gold lead to inflation, business failed, and unemployment was rampt. Demand for grain from the Crimenean War was over stimulated. The North, including its grain growers, was
hardest hit. The South, enjoying favorable cotton
prices abroad, rode out the storm with flying colors.This made the South think that they could survive without the North. Financial distress in the North, especially in
agriculture, gave a new vigor to the demand for free
farms of 160 acres from the public domain. The North demanded free land that was passed in Congress but vetoed by Buchanan. Northern manufactures blamed their misfortunes on low tariffs. gave
the Republicans two surefire economic issues for
the election of 1860: protection for the unprotected
and farms for the farmless.

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Lincoln v. Douglas debates

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were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate. At the time, U.S. Senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were campaigning for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery. Douglas defeated Lincoln but put him on the political map.

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"Freeport Doctrine"

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was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence.There needed to be popular support for legislation in order for them to remain.

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Harper's Ferry

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Harpers Ferry is best known for John Brown's raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the American Civil War. This made Brown a martyr for the abolitionist cause. He invaded the south and wanted to instigate a slave revolt in the region. Slaves were ignorant to what occurred..

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Brown's Martyrndom: North and South

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Brown was convicted for murder and send to hand for the Harper's Ferry incident. He was worth much more dead then alive for the cause something he knew. His character was so exmplart his devotion to freedom so inflexible that he took on an exalted deminor. Many southerners asked how
they could possibly remain in the Union while
a “murderous gang of abolitionists” were financing
armed bands to “Brown” them. Moderate northerners,
including Republican leaders, openly deplored
this mad exploit. But the South naturally concluded
that the violent abolitionist view was shared by
the entire North, dominated by “Brown-loving”
Republicans.
Abolitionists and other ardent free-soilers were
infuriated by Brown’s execution

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Election of 1860: Democrats

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The Democrats were deeply divided. They meet in Charleston, South Carolina with Douglas leading. The South saw him as a traitor and walked out. The remainer could not have enough votes to elect Douglas. They tried again in Baltimore. The South walked out again. But Douglas was finally elected. Southern Democrats organized a counter convention in Baltimore. They nominateed John C. Breckinridge. The platform favored slavery and expansion.

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Election of 1860: Republican

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The Republicans saw an easy victory. They meet in Chicago. William H. Seward was going to be elected but he had too many enemies. Lincoln was next in line and was nominateed for the presidency.

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Republican platform

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The Republican platform had a seductive appeal for just about every important nonsouthern group: for the free-soilers, nonextension of slavery;
for the northern manufacturers, a protective tariff;
for the immigrants, no abridgment of rights; for the
Northwest, a Pacific railroad; for the West, internal
improvements at federal expense; and for the farmers,
free homesteads from the public domain. Alluring
slogans included “Vote Yourselves a Farm” and
“Land for the Landless.”

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Election of 1860: results

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Lincoln won but he was a minority president, a sectional president, and he did not polled up no popular vote. The election of 1860 was virtually two elections:
one in the North, the other in the South.
South Carolinians rejoiced over Lincoln’s victory;
they now had their excuse to secede. In winning the
North, the “rail-splitter” had split off the South. Douglas made history by actually campaigning for himself. If the Democrats had been united they still could not have won the election. The South was not badly off. They still held control of the Supreme court and the Republican party did not have control of the House or Senate

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South Carolina secedes

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South Carolina threatend to leave the union if Lincoln was elected. Meeting at Charleston in December 1860,
South Carolina unanimously voted to secede. During
the next six weeks, six other states of the lower
South, though somewhat less united, followed the
leader over the precipice: Alabama, Mississippi,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Four more
were to join them later, bringing the total to eleven.the seven
seceders, formally meeting at Montgomery,
Alabama, in February 1861, created a government
known as the Confederate States of America. As
their president they chose Jefferson Davis. President Buchanan did not use force claiming that he could not send militia there for they were trying to control Indians in the West. Plus, he did not think the constitution allowed it.

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Jeff Davis/ Montgomery, Alabama

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formally meeting at Montgomery,
Alabama, in February 1861, created a government
known as the Confederate States of America. As
their president they chose Jefferson Davis. was a separatist political entity existing between 1861 to 1865, established by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America, each of which had previously declared its secession from the United States. The CSA's control over its claimed territory varied during the course of the American Civil War, depending on the success of its military.
Davis (1808-1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War.

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"Lame duck" Buchanan

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Lincoln could not take office until March 1861. This lame duck period of which BUchanan presided over, allowed the seven states to pull out of the union. He was surrounded by prosouthern advisers. He though that the south could legally secede. It became a wait and see policy that began the civil war.

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Crittenden Amendments/ Lincoln's rejection

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in 1860, it was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States.Slavery in the territories was to be prohibited north
of 36° 30', but south of that line it was to be given
federal protection in all territories existing or “hereafter
to be acquired” (such as Cuba). Future states,
north or south of 36° 30', could come into the Union
with or without slavery, as they should choose. In
short, the slavery supporters were to be guaranteed
full rights in the southern territories, as long as they
were territories, regardless of the wishes of the
majority under popular sovereignty.Lincoln flatly rejected the Crittenden scheme,
which offered some slight prospect of success, and
all hope of compromise evaporated. For this refusal
he must bear a heavy responsibility. Yet he had been
elected on a platform that opposed the extension of
slavery, and he felt that as a matter of principle, he
could not afford to yield, even though gains for slavery
in the territories might be only temporary.

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Reasons for secession

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Southerners were alarmed by the tiping balance against them. Southerners were
also dismayed by the triumph of the new sectional
Republican party, which seemed to threaten their
rights as a slaveholding minority. They were weary
of free-soil criticism, abolitionist nagging, and
northern interference, ranging from the Underground
Railroad to John Brown’s raid.Many southerners supported secession because
they felt sure that their departure would be unopposed,
despite “Yankee yawp” to the contrary. Southern leaders regarded secession as a
golden opportunity to cast aside their generations
of “vassalage” to the North.They could develop their own economy and trade internationaly. Nationalism and self-determination was rampt. They were confident that they were doing the right thing in leaving, the moral thif that would help them prosper.