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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Louis Sullivan
working on and perfecting skyscrapers (first appearing in Chicago in 1885).
o The city grew from a small compact one that people could walk through to get around to a huge metropolis that required commuting by electric trolleys.
o Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made city life more alluring.
Theodore Dreiser’s
Sister Carrie told of a woman’s escapades in the big city and made cities dazzling and attractive.
mail-order stores
like Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things cheap and easy to buy, could simply throw away the things that they didn’t like anymore.

(Trash overload)
dumbbell tenements
were the worst since they were dark, cramped, and had little sanitation or ventilation.
To escape, the wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to suburbs.
Old Immigration
1. Until the 1880s, most of the immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia) and were quite literate and accustomed to some type of representative government.
New Immigration
But by the 1880s and 1890s, this shifted to the Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite

While the southeastern Europeans accounted for only 19% of immigrants to the U.S. in 1880, by the early 1900s, they were over 60%!
“bosses”
1. The federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful “_____" who provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.
Social Gospel
2. Gradually, though, the nation’s conscience awoke to the plight of the slums, and people like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden began preaching the “___________" insisting that churches tackle the burning social issues of the day.
Jane Addams
who founded Hull House in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge that they would need to survive and succeed in America.
o She eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, but her pacifism was looked down upon by groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, who revoked her membership.
Hull House
Other such settlement houses included Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement in New York, which opened its doors in 1893.
Florence Kelley
fought for protection of women workers and against child labor.
xenophobia
1. The “nativism” and anti-foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the new Slavs and Baltics, fearing that a mixing of blood would ruin the fairer Anglo-Saxon races and create inferior offspring.
o The “native” Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government. These new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arrived in America a few decades before.
o Trade unionists hated them for their willingness to work for super-low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism into the U.S.
American Protective Association (APA)
2. Anti-foreign organizations like the __________________ arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leaders were quick to try to stop new immigration, since immigrants were frequently used as strikebreakers.
immigration laws
Finally, in 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from coming here.
In 1885, another law was passed banning the importation of foreign workers under usually substandard contracts.
1. Since churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rally against the urban poverty, plight, and suffering,
many people began to question the ambition of the churches, and began to worry that Satan was winning the battle of good and evil.
o The emphasis on material gains worried many.
Dwight Lyman Moody
A new generation of urban revivalists stepped in....a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.
o The Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and continued working well after his 1899 death.
Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigration. Cardinal Gibbons
was popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity.
o By 1890, Americans could choose from 150 religions, including the new Salvation Army, which tried to help the poor and unfortunate.
Mary Baker Eddy
founded The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimed healed sickness.

5. YMCA’s and YWCAs (Young Men's/Women's Christian Association) also sprouted
Charles Darwin
published his On the Origin of Species, which set forth the new doctrine of evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists.
Modernists
took a step from the fundamentalists and refused to believe that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. They contended that the Bible was merely a collection of moral stories or guidelines, but not sacred scripture inspired by God.
Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll
was one who denounced creationism, as he had been widely persuaded by the theory of evolution. Others blended creationism and evolution to invent their own interpretations.
Chautauqua movement
a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. It included public lectures to many people by famous writers and extensive at-home studies.
4. Americans began to develop a faith in formal education as a solution to poverty.
Booker T. Washington,
an ex-slave came to help. He started by heading a black normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students useful skills and trades.
o However, he avoided the issue of social equality; he believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights.
George Washington Carver
, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.
W.E.B. Du Bois
the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now. He also founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.
o Many of DuBois’s differences with Washington reflected the contrasting life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.
Vassar
college for women
Howard University, Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.
Black colleges
2. The Morrill Act of 1862
had provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was extended by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.
3. Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller.
4. Johns Hopkins University maintained the nation’s first high-grade graduate school.
Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
(antiseptics) improved medical science and health.
William James
helped establish the discipline of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), and Varieties of Religious Experience (1902).
 His greatest work was Pragmatism (1907), which preached what he believed in: pragmatism (everything has a useful purpose).
Library of Congress
also opened across America, bringing literature into people’s homes.
Linotype
in 1885, the press more than kept pace with demand, but competition sparked a new brand of journalism called “yellow journalism,” in which newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated: sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories
Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner, et al.).
3. Two new journalistic tycoons emerged

. Luckily, the strengthening of the Associated Press, which had been established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the questionable journalism.
Edwin L. Godkin
1. Magazines like Harpers, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribners Monthly partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading, but perhaps the most influential of all was the Nation, launched in 1865 by _______ , a merciless critic.These were all liberal, reform-minded publications
Henry George
2. Another enduring journalist-author was __________ who wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress.
o It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income tax—the more you make, the greater percent you pay in taxes.
Edward Bellamy
published Looking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big business serving the public good
“dime-novels”
depicted the wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings.
o The king of dime novelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels.
o General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ, which combated the ideas and beliefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith.
Horatio Alger
was even more popular, since his rags-to-riches books told that virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. His most notable book was titled Ragged Dick about a poor boy who makes good.
Walt Whitman
was one of the old writers who still remained active, publishing revisions of his hardy perennial: Leaves of Grass.
Emily Dickinson
was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death.
5. Other lesser poets included Sidney Lanier, who was oppressed by poverty and ill health.
Kate Chopin
wrote about adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions in The Awakening
Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)
wrote many books, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Roughing It about the wild West, The Gilded Age (hence the term given to the era of corruption after the Civil War) and 'The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County'.
Bret Harte
wrote California gold rush stories.
William Dean Howells
became editor in chief of the Atlantic Monthly and wrote about ordinary people and sometimes-controversial social themes.
Stephen Crane wrote about the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America (prostitutes, etc.) in such books like Maggie: Girl of the Street.
 He also wrote The Red Badge of Courage, a tale about a Civil War soldier.
wrote about the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America (prostitutes, etc.) in such books like Maggie: Girl of the Street.
He also wrote The Red Badge of Courage, a tale about a Civil War soldier.
Henry James
James wrote Daisy Miller and Portrait of a Lady, often making women his central characters in his novels and exploring their personalities.
Jack London
wrote about the wild unexplored regions of wilderness in The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The Iron Heel.
Frank Norris’s
The Octopus exposed the corruption of the railroads
Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnutt,
two black writers, used black dialect and folklore in their poems and stories, respectively.
Victoria Woodhull
proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, which shocked readers with exposés of affairs, etc.
Anthony Comstock
waged a lifelong war on the “immoral.”

3. The “new morality” reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.
o She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (who’d organized the first women’s rights convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY) and Susan B. Anthony.
Carrie Chapman Catt
4. By 1900, a new generation of women activists were present, who stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers in the increasingly public world of the city.
o The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869.
o The General Federation of Women’s Clubs also encouraged women’s suffrage.
Ida B. Wells
rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.
National Prohibition Party in 1869
1. Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of alcohol was also present, marked by the formation of the _____.

o Other organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage.
 Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a hatchet and hacked up bars.
o The Anti-Saloon League was also formed in 1893.
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatment of livestock, and the American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.
Mary Cassatt
painted sensitive portraits of women and children, while George Inness became America’s leading landscapist.
Thomas Eakins
was a great realist painter, while Winslow Homer was perhaps the most famous and the greatest of all. He painted scenes of typical New England life (schools and such).
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
4. Great sculptors included _________________, who made the Robert Gould Shaw memorial, located in Boston, in 1897.
5. Music reached new heights with the erection of opera houses and the emergence of jazz.
6. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which allowed the reproduction of sounds that could be heard by listeners.
Henry H. Richardson
was another fine architect whose “Richardsonian” architecture was famed around the country.
o The Columbian Exposition in 1893, in Chicago, displayed many architectural triumphs.
Phineas T. Barnum, James A. Bailey
In entertainment,__________ (who quipped, “There’s a sucker born every minute,” and “People love to be humbugged.”) and ____________teamed up in 1881 to stage the “Greatest Show on Earth” (now the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus).
“Buffalo Bill”
“Wild West” shows, like those of _________ (and the markswoman Annie Oakley who shot holes through tossed silver dollars) were ever-popular, and baseball and football became popular as well.
James Naismith
invented basketball.

3. Baseball emerged as America’s national pastime.