Apush 13 Part 2

Front 1

McCarthy, Senator Joseph

Back 1

Republican support and political power was given to him to instill fear within the Democratic Party. He was supported by the GOP party and many resented that he accused many people of being Communists without having proof of their disloyalty.

Front 2

Hiss, Alger

Back 2

Identified as a member of the communist party by and initially denied claims. Proof was given that Hiss was involved in espionage in the 1930s with the transmitting of information to the Soviet Union through microfilm, allegedly hidden in a pumpkin. Indicted for perjury and sentenced to five years in prison.

Front 3

McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950

Back 3

Required all organizations that were believed to be communist by the attorney general to submit a roster of the members and financial statements to the Department of Justice. It also excluded communists from working in defense plants, passports to communists and deported aliens suspected of subversion.

Front 4

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Back 4

In March of 1951, based primarily on the testimony of their alleged accomplices, Henry Greengrass and Harry Gold, they were found guilty of conspiring to commit espionage. Their electrocution in 1953 represented the anti-Communist fever that gripped the U.S.

Front 5

Hollywood 10

Back 5

Several people from the entertainment industry called before the House Un-American Activities Committee as "unfriendly" witnesses in October 1947. All refused to state whether they were communists, served prison sentences, and were blacklisted in the film industry.

Front 6

1952 election

Back 6

Truman would not seek reelection. The Democrats drafted Adlai Stevenson, who was unsuccessful. The Republicans decided to back the war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower who chose Nixon as his running mate. The GOP controlled both houses.

Front 7

MODERN REPUBLICANISM

Back 7

In general, Ike was conservative on monetary issues and liberal "when it came to human beings." During his term as president, he backed the most extensive public-works program in U.S. history: the Interstate Highway Act and also extended social security benefits and raised the minimum wage.

Front 8

brinksmanship

Back 8

This is another of the policies of John Foster Dulles that caused considerable controversy during the Cold War. Dulles declared that the United States must be prepared to "go to the brink" of war in order to attain its objectives.

Front 9

Eisenhower Doctrine

Back 9

January 5, 1957, the president made a speech to the joint House of Congress to limit communist expansion. Authorized March 7, this allowed the president to extend economic and military aid to certain nations as well as use of $200 million mutual security funds.

Front 10

U-2 incident

Back 10

May 3, 1960, the USSR announced an American spy plane was shot down in Soviet territory. May 5, NASA released a cover story of a lost weather research plane. May 7, pilot Francis Gary Powers confessed to being a CIA spy. May 11 Eisenhower admitted to authorization of U-2 flights.

Front 11

SPUTNIK

Back 11

The Soviet Union launched this first satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957. Humiliated at being upstaged by the Russians, the U.S. reshaped the educational system in efforts to produce the large numbers of scientists and engineers that Russia had. In addition, to better make scientific advancements, NASA was created in 1958. Created by Congress, it brought a national aeronautics agency to administer nonmilitary space research and exploration.

Front 12

National Defense Education Act (NDEA Act)

Back 12

Passed in 1958 to provide $300 million in loans to students of undergraduate and graduate status, funds for training teachers, and for the development of new instructional material to ensure a higher level of national security. This was in response to the Soviets launching Sputnik.

Front 13

election of 1960

Back 13

The election of 1960 was a race between Kennedy, who promised a new and better future for the nation, and the "middle way" Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. The issues included which path of action to take against Russia to ensure an advantage of arms, thus closing the missile gap.

Front 14

Miranda Decision

Back 14

This required police to read a suspect their constitutional right which included remaining silent and having legal council present during police questioning.

Front 15

Escobedo decision

Back 15

The police's denial of a suspect’s right to counsel and their failure to inform him of his right to remain silent were unconstitutional. Any statements made by a defendant who was not informed of his rights is inadmissible in court.

Front 16

Gideon v. Wainwright

Back 16

The Warren Court ruled that the state was required to provide attorneys for defendants in felony cases at the public’s expense. This ruling was a part of the effort to reform the criminal justice system and enable poor people legal council.

Front 17

flexible response

Back 17

JFK’s policy called for the preparation of more conventional weapons versus atomic weapons. Kennedy felt that U.S, needed both a strong military program and atomic weapons to combat the forces of communism. He reasoned conventional weapons were essential, for atomic weapons were never used.

Front 18

Bay of Pigs

Back 18

On Apr. 17, 1961, a group of Cuban exiles invaded Cuba, in an attempt to overthrow the Communist government and capture Fidel Castro. The Cuban soldiers were secretly trained by the CIA and supplied by the U.S. government. The Cuban exiles were captured and traded back to the U.S. for food. Their return embarrassed the United States and the nation acquired a reputation as a belligerent imperial country.

Front 19

Cuban missile crisis

Back 19

This was a major confrontation between the U.S and Russia in 1962 following the discovery of nuclear missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy placed a blockade on the island and Russia agreed to remove the missiles rather than provoke a nuclear war. It was the most imminent threat of nuclear annihilation and thereafter, a hot line was established between the White House and the Kremlin to prevent accidental missile launches. The U.S. removed nuclear weapons from Turkey.