Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
reasons for exploration
|
population growth after Black Death; nationalistic empires; new merchant class; god, glory, and gold
|
|
|
explorers and their accomplishments
|
Prince Henry the Navigator explored west coast of Africa; Christopher Columbus explored Carribbean; Vasco de Balboa crosses Panama; Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe; Hernando Cortes conquers Aztecs; Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas; Hernando de Soto crosses Mississippi; John Cabot was first English to explore New World
|
|
|
Richard Hakluyt
|
propagandist that told people to move to New World more trade and less population
|
|
|
early attempts at settlement of the Americas
|
French tried to establish fur trade through Quebec; Walter Raleigh and John White establish Roanoke but disappear
|
|
|
Columbian Exchange
|
exchange of ideas, tech, disease, pens between New and Old World
|
|
|
Jamestown
|
first English settlement; really crappy place to live with malaria and swamps; John Smith was everyone's hero; Lord De La Warr has that guy everyone hates; after starving time winter, they began to prosper from tobacco
|
|
|
Mayflower Compact
|
established government of Plymouth colony; John Smith was commander; declared alliance to king, all agree to laws, all obey laws; Thanksgiving dinner that night was delish
|
|
|
House of Burgesses
|
first assembly of representatives by English colonists; democracy in Jamestown, democracy for all
|
|
|
Pequot War
|
first major conflict with Indians; Connecticut settlers burned and killed Pequot Indians
|
|
|
patroons
|
Dutch landowners in New Amsterdam/New York; great power in few hands
|
|
|
reasons for settlement of each colony
|
didn't spend an entire day filling out this sheet?
|
|
|
Bacon's Rebellion
|
backcountry vs. tidewater; Nathaniel Bacon was a western landowner who wanted to keep on expanding west, but eastern aristocrats forbid it; significance- conflict between Indians and whites, unwillingness of settlers to abide by promises, unwillingness of Indians to tolerate expansion, free and landless men of the west, themes of social unrest, Kevin Bacon deserves respect, necessity to find new labor supply, like slaves; this is such a long definition; how's studying going?
|
|
|
Navigation Acts
|
first one restricted colonial trade to England only; second one forced all European trade to pass through England and get taxed; third imposed taxes on colonial intratrade
|
|
|
Dominion of New England
|
British combination of the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor; ended in the Glorious Revolution when they drove out Governor Edmund Andros
|
|
|
French and Dutch in the New World
|
French came for fur trade with natives, traders were called seignuries; Dutch patroons fought with England for New Amsterdam, but lost it
|
|
|
early colonial economy
|
agricultural; tobacco at Chesapeake, rice in Georgia; indigo in South Carolina; some ironworks and mining in North; plantation in South, town in North; yet very primitive inadequate structure
|
|
|
Leisler Rebellion
|
Jacob Leisler resents exclusion from colonial elite, so during Glorious Revolution he takes over and partys hard, but is soon executed
|
|
|
Salem Witch Trials
|
doesn't everyone know out this? significance was of gender tensions and religious power
|
|
|
Royal African Company
|
held a monopoly on the slave trade until the 1690's; when broken prices fell dramatically and numbers increased
|
|
|
cottage industries
|
mainly Northern women industries like weaving and candle making
|
|
|
Triangle Trade
|
rum, slaves, and sugar between America, Europe, Caribbean, and Africa
|
|
|
Great Awakening
|
religious movement in which society sought for a new revitalizing, intense experience; these were the "New Lights" and they faced off with traditional "Old Lights", Whitefield and Edwards were the best
|
|
|
Stono Rebellion
|
in a destabilizing environment, slaves rose up and killed whites, but never made it to Florida
|
|
|
Enlightenment
|
an intellectual movement beginning in Europe; in America, it was a reaction to Awakening; undermined traditional religious authority; science! education! look to your self!; Locke, Descartes to Jefferson, Madison
|
|
|
Albany Plan of Union
|
a united government plan in which each colony retains its constitution; president general would rule, and a grand council would legislate; failed, but was inspiration for future
|
|
|
Seven Years' War
|
French, British, Iroquois, faceoff!; first, Fort Necessity, Iroquois side with British, other Indians side with French; second; William Pitt, with the British, truly start attacking French; third, Pitt relaxes colonial hold, and soon destroys French at Quebec and Montreal, Peace of Paris ends it
|
|
|
Proclamation Line
|
forbade settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains; allowed London to control westward expansion; prevent conflict with tribes by slow down expansion
|
|
|
British laws opposed by the colonists
|
Sugar Act- eliminated illegal sugar trade and taxes sugar; Currency Act- eliminated all paper currency; Stamp Act- tax all printed documents, big crisis!; Declaratory Act- Parliament can do whatever it wants; Mutiny Act- colonists must shelter soldiers; Townshend duties- external taxes every hated; Tea Act- East India Company got monopoly on tea, Boston Tea Party!; Intolerable Acts- reduced colonial government powers of Boston; Prohibitory Act- naval blockade of colonies
|
|
|
Boston Massacre
|
everyone knows; blown out of proportion by Sam Adams; British was sin and bad things, we must organize ourselfs
|
|
|
First Continental Congress
|
all 13 colonies should: reject plan for colonial unification under British authority; endorse statement of grievances, make military preparations, nonimportation/nonexportation/nonconsumption to stop all trade, meet again next spring
|
|
|
motivations for the independence movement
|
war was so expensive that we need a new goal like total independence; British recruited Hessians, and we hate Hessians; British rejected Olive Branch, thus rejecting peace; Common Sense of course
|
|
|
Revolutionary War battles
|
Lexington and Concord; Battle of Bunker Hill; Hudson River; Saratoga; Yorktown
|
|
|
Articles of Confederation
|
Congress would be the central institution of national authority; could conduct wars, foreign relations, borrow/issue money; could not regulate trade, draft troops, or tax; "firm league of friendships"
|
|
|
Shay's Rebellion
|
military fiasco; fought for paper money, tax relief, less debts, move capital from Boston inwards, no prisons for debtors ; demise of Confederation
|
|
|
Republican Motherhood
|
female education, served to make women better wives and mothers (no advanced/professional training)
|
|
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
wrote A Vindication of Rights of Women; linked feminism to American democracy; challenged religious doctrine of women's roles; described marriage as legalized prostitution; women possessed natural god-given rights
|
|
|
Abigail Adams
|
wrote to her husband, John, reminding him to "remember the ladies" when framing the new republic's government
|
|
|
Northwest Ordinance
|
created a single Northwest territory (north of the Ohio River); 60,000 population necessary for statehood; freedom of religion, trial by jury; prohibited slavery; most significant achievement of Confederation
|
|
|
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
|
the federal government had been formed as a contract among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers; whenever it exercised any undelegated powers, its acts were nullified; Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts
|
|
|
Great Compromise
|
compromise at the Constitutional convention calling for a two-house legislature, with one house elected on the basis of population and the other representing each state equally
|
|
|
Bill of Rights
|
freedom of religion, speech, press, arbitrary arrest, trial by jury, reserved to the state all powers except those specifically withheld from them or delegated to the federal government; drafted by Madison as first 10 Amendments
|
|
|
principles of the Constitution
|
1) federalism 2) separation of powers 3) checks and balances 4) popular sovereignty 5) limited government 6) judicial review 7) national supremacy of law 8) civilian control of government
|
|
|
Judiciary Act of 1789
|
established a Supreme Court and district courts
|
|
|
Bank of the United States
|
Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
|
|
|
Whiskey Rebellion
|
farmers in western PA refused to pay a tax on whiskey and terrorized the tax collectors; crushed by Washington and 15,000 troops; exemplifies quickness of the new government
|
|
|
Jay's Treaty
|
settled a conflict with Great Britain over British interference in US shipping; prevented a war; unpopular as it gave up US neutral rights
|
|
|
Pinckney's Treaty
|
agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans
|
|
|
XYZ Affair
|
French Talleyrand demanded a bribe and loan before agreeing to discuss negotiations with Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry; led to the Quasi War with France (US cut off trade, repudiated treaties, and used Navy warfare)
|
|
|
Alien and Sedition Acts
|
Federalist; Alien- new obstacles for foreigners wanting to become US citizens (anti-French) Sedition- allowed government to prosecute those who used their very own First Amendment
|
|
|
Revolution of 1800
|
the transfer of power from the Federalists (Adams) to the Republicans (Jefferson... almost Burr); showed peaceful transfer of power to another party
|
|
|
characteristics of Federalists
|
(Adams) power in the federal government, fear of mob, strong national government, wise elite rulers, loose interpretation of the Constitution, national bank, shipping/manufacturing economy, national state debts, the original Republican
|
|
|
characteristics of Democratic- Republicans
|
(Madison) share power with local/state governments, fear of absolute power, limit national government, agrarian economy, strict interpretation of Constitution, anti-national bank, Bill of Rights, "plain people"; the original Democrats
|
|
|
the Jeffersonian spirit
|
agrarian ideal, universal education, limited central government, simplicity, common man; challenged by growing cities, commerce and industrialism
|
|
|
technological advancements of the early 1800s
|
Oliver Evans- flour mill, steam engine; Eli Whitney- cotton gin, mass parts; Samuel Slater- spinning mill; Robert Fulton and Livingston- steamboat
|
|
|
components of the emerging infrastructure
|
turnpike era (toll roads)- first from Philadelphia to Lancaster; private companies only made over short distances
|
|
|
five civilized tribes
|
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by Indian Removal Act
|
|
|
Second Great Awakening
|
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism; stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects; attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans; also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and abolitionists
|
|
|
precursors to the war of 1812 and when it began
|
territorial desire for Spanish Florida and Canada; British kept on restricting our trade; warhawks
|
|
|
Hartford Convention
|
New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances and hinted at succession; irrelevant after New Orleans; caused collapse of Federalist Party
|
|
|
Treaty of Ghent
|
ended War of 1812; no land was lost, war was declared a tie
|
|
|
Tecumseh
|
leader of secular efforts, realized need for unification, Battle of Tippecanoe occurred when left
|
|
|
Tenskwatawa
|
"Prophet"; religious leader and orator, mystical awakening from recovering from alcoholism, superior values of Indian civilization and sinfulness and corruption of white world; killed at Battle of Tippecanoe
|
|
|
Francis Cabot Lowell
|
Boston manufacturer; put spinning and weaving into a factory; thus Lowell mills; popular for young women
|
|
|
Clay's American System
|
Bank, Tariff, Infrastructure
|
|
|
end of the first party system
|
Monroe's election; signaled end of Federalist party
|
|
|
Panic of 1819
|
right after a boom from high foreign demand for farm goods and land boom (speculated investments, easy credit); bank failures (Bank of the US); ended "era of good feelings"
|
|
|
Marshall Court
|
Federalist; strengthened judicial branch, increased federal government's power, advanced interested of propertied/commercial classes
|
|
|
Missouri Compromise
|
Maine would be admitted as a free state, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, others- 36th parallel would decide (north-free, south-slave)
|
|
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization efforts by Europe; US would consider any foreign challenges to the sovereignty an unfriendly act
|
|
|
Andrew Jackson's constituency
|
opposed economic aristocracy, "era of the common man;" terrible for Indians; New Orleans hero; Democratic; farmers, workers; Locofocos
|
|
|
Tariff of Abominations
|
tax on imported goods; earned animosity from southerners
|
|
|
Nicholas Biddle
|
president of the Bank of the United States; provided credit to growing enterprises, issued bank notes; supported by Webster and Clay; called in loans and raised interest rates to purposefully cause a recession; conflict with Jackson
|
|
|
Indian Removal Act
|
law passed by that guy, Jackson, that forced many Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River
|
|
|
Webster-Hayne Debate
|
It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster "liberty and union, non and forever, one and inseparable"; Jackson sides with Webster, Calhoun sides with Hayne
|
|
|
Whig Party
|
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements; ran Harrison as "simple man", but he died; then Tayler takes over, who had Democratic tendencies
|
|
|
Alexis de Tocqueville
|
French aristocrat who wrote about the genuine equality and democracy of America; it all came from resources!; read handout in which he flatters and compliments and boosts our self esteem
|
|
|
specie circular
|
issued by Jackson, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it;required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie; stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply; the Panic of 1837 followed
|
|
|
John Tyler's actions
|
former Democrat; abolishes Van Buren's independent treasury; gets rid of US Bank; Caroline Affair, Aroostook War, Webster- Ashburton Treaty, Creole Affair, extraterritoriality in China
|
|
|
Dorr Rebellion
|
Hello, I have a story to tell you. In 1841, Rhode Island was governed by a 1663 charter which said that only property holders and their eldest sons could vote (1/2 the adult male population). Thomas Dorr led a group of rebels who wrote a new constitution and elected him governor in 1842. The state militia was called in to stop the rebellion. Dorr was sentenced to life imprisonment, but the sentence was withdrawn. Dorr's Rebellion caused conservatives to realize the need for reform. A new constitution in 1843 gave almost all men the right to vote.
|
|
|
Cult of Domesticity
|
developed because of feminism, industrialization, immigration, religious revivalism, social activism/reform movements; stressed piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity
|
|
|
factory system
|
first in New England textile industry; newer, larger machines, put all under one roof; exchangeable parts; Lowell Mills- young, unmarried, farmer's daughters
|
|
|
first wave of immigration
|
from North and Western Europe (Irish and German); seeked farming jobs, came as families, mostly Protestant (except Irish Catholics), "fit in"; somehow every adjective you can think of to describe them is the exact opposite of the second wave, woah
|
|
|
infrastructural improvements of the mid- 1800s
|
canals to ship directly West (funded by state govenments); first- Erie Canal (1825); railroads- North East; trunk lines (longer)
|
|
|
artisan tradition
|
sense of "moral community;" unable to compete with factory made goods; formed trade unions
|
|
|
changing family structure
|
movement from farms to urban areas (jobs more important than land)- less patriarchal; income earning work shift from farms/family to factories (economic unit); less reliance on family as work force (hired from outside); distinction between work and home; decreasing birth rate
|
|
|
reasons cotton was king
|
hardier, coarser, grew in different climates and soils; invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin; growing demand by the textile industry; it was prettying bringing in $200 million a year, all part of the Cotton Kingdom
|
|
|
Gabriel Prosser
|
in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.
|
|
|
Denmark Vesey
|
United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged
|
|
|
Nat Turner
|
led a band of armed free African Americans who went from house to house killing a total of 60 whites before being overpowered by state/federal troops; free blacks might generate more violence/rebellion than slaves
|
|
|
De Bow's Review
|
advocated South economic independence from North; but was such a hypocrite man, look it up, its funny
|
|
|
painting and literature of the early 1800s
|
Hudson River School was nationalistic with romantic American nature; James Cooper was the first great American novelist; Walt Whitman just love democracy and the individual; Herman Melville wrote about whales and strength and pride; Poe was sad; transcendentalists like Emerson and Thoreau
|
|
|
Know-Nothing Party
|
pro Nativism (a defense of native born people and a hostility to the foreign born- racism, prejudices); banned from holding office, more restrictive naturalization laws, literacy tests for voting; dismantled over slavery
|
|
|
George Ripley's Brook Farm
|
full opportunity for self-realization; share equally in labor and leisure, destroyed by a fire
|
|
|
Robert Owen's New Harmony
|
"Village of Cooperation", equality; socialist communities called phlaxes
|
|
|
Mormons
|
Joseph Smith then Brigham Young; established a "New Jerusalem;" polygamy, ridged form or social organization (almost militarized), intense secrecy; represent desire for order in antebellum
|
|
|
Horace Mann
|
Massachusetts education reformer; make everything better and make lots of schools and great things; but! also to impose social values on children, order impulse
|
|
|
social reforms movements of the mid-1800s
|
temperance crusade, water cures and diets, phrenology, education, asylums into penitentiaries, feminism
|
|
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
"The Liberator", universal unconditional abolition, slavery is a sin, "moral suasion"; LEEGO, reject the ACS, BECAUSE I WILL BE HEARD
|
|
|
Seneca Falls Convention
|
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions;" most prominent demand was suffrage; Quaker values and slow evolution towards equality
|
|
|
Thoreau and Emerson
|
you know the answer. it is in yourself. transcend the limitations of your brain, and realize that the answer to this flashcard exists somewhere in your heart. use your self-reliance.
|
|
|
Manifest Destiny
|
notion of spreading liberty, racially and religiously motivated, used as justification of westward expansion, holstered by the printing press; Polk was the presidential champion of it; get to coast so we can boast
|
|
|
Texas
|
Mexicans encouraged Americans into Texas; General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna increased national power at the expense of states, imprisoned Stephen Austin, crushed Texas at the Alamo; General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacino; wanted to join the Union but opposed by the North (large new slave territory and would increase Southern votes in Congress); President James K. Polk annexed in 1845
|
|
|
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
|
agreement between Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas; the US promised to assume any financial claims for Mexico
|
|
|
Wilmot Proviso
|
David Wilmot from PA wants to prohibit all slavery in acquired territories; too bad it didn't pass
|
|
|
Compromise of 1850
|
Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act, banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession; it was Henry Clay all the way
|
|
|
Gadsden Purchase
|
Bought small area for Railroad at a cost of ten million
|
|
|
Kansas- Nebraska Act
|
popular sovereignty; clause repealing antislavery provision of Missouri Compromise; divide into two states (Kansas and Nebraska); divided Democrats, destroyed Whigs, spurred creation of the Republican party
|
|
|
Freeport Doctrine
|
popular sovereignty for the slavery issue, if the people choose not to allow slavery, it will not be allowed
|
|
|
Harper's Ferry
|
attacked and seized control of a United States arsenal in hopes of inspiring a slave uprising, shut down by Robert E. Lee and sentenced to death; fear of possible slave insurrection; led by the one and only John Brown; cemented Southern animosity towards North abolitionists
|
|
|
election of 1860
|
Democrats chose Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge; Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln (anti-slavery, high tariff, internal improvements, homestead bill, railroad); Lincoln victory; led to succession of Southern states; most consequential and complicated election in history
|
|
|
northern advantages during Civil War
|
sheet! sheet! population! president! railroads! steel! factories! finances! navy! federal government! taxes!
|
|
|
southern advantages during Civil War
|
officers and soldiers, home land, fighting for a cause- independence, united support and civilian support
|
|
|
turning points in the Civil War
|
Fort Sumter- initiation; First Bull Run- wake up call for North; Fort Henry- first major North victory; Monitor v. Virginia- naval warfare ironclads; Shiloh- war of attrition; New Orleans- cut off South finance; Antietam- end of Peninsula campaign, cuts off foreign aid to South; Siege of Vicksberg- IMPORTANT UNION TAKES MISSISSIPPI: Gettysberg- IMPORTANT LAST SOUTH OFFENSIVE; March to the Sea- Sherman total war; Appomattox Courthouse- Lee and Grant arm wrestle, Grant wins
|
|
|
Emancipation Proclamation
|
only applied to those not under Union control, did not apply to border states; purpose of war changed to eliminating slavery
|
|
|
Gettysburg Address
|
go read it yourself. well it does renew war effort.
|
|
|
measures taken by Abe Lincoln to counter dissension
|
applying martial law; suspending habeas corpus; Ex Parte Milligan
|
|
|
March to the Sea
|
Sherman's march across Georgia, employing total war and attempting to break Southern morale; also to cut off Lee's supplies; I heard it was a lot of fun?
|
