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75 Cards in this Set

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Martin Luther believed
The Bible alone was the source of God’s word (not the Bible and the church or pope).
People are saved simply by faith in Christ alone (not by faith and good works).
Martin Luther
German friar who nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral, startin the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
A Genevan; preached Calvinism which stressed “predestination” (those going to Heaven or hell has already been determined by God).

God is all-powerful and all-good; humans are weak and wicked.
Calvinism
Dominant theological creed of PUritans and other American settlers
conversion
an experience in nlife that proved someone was saved; sought by calvinists
visible saints
Those Calvinists who have been "converted". Calvinists believed only visible saints could be let into church.
Protestant Ethic
Calvinists are famous for working hard, dusk to dawn, to “prove” their worthiness.
The impact of Calvinism has been vividly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and been called the “Protestant Work Ethic”
Why did the Puritans want out of England? (3 reasons)
Believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership.
Separatists vowed to break away from the Church of England (AKA, the Anglican Church) because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned.” These folks became the Pilgrims.
King James I, father of the beheaded Charles I,
harassed the Separatists out of England because he thought that if
people could defy him as their spiritual leader, they might defy him as
their political ruler.
Think: membership, dangers
THe Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth because...
They were concerned that their children were getting too “Dutchified.”
They wanted a place where they were free to worship their own religion and could live and die as good Pilgrims.
The Pilgrims came from...
The Pilgrims or Separatists, came from Holland, where they had fled to after they had left England.
After negotiating with the ___, the Separatists left
___ and sailed for 65 days at sea on the ___ until they
arrived off the rocky coast of ___ in ___, a trip in which
___died and ____ born.
After negotiating with the Virginia Company, the Separatists left
Holland and sailed for 65 days at sea on the Mayflower until they
arrived off the rocky coast of New England in 1620, a trip in which
only one person died and one person was born.
Mayflower Compact
Agreement to form crude democracy; a step toward self government
In the winter of ____ in Plymouth, only 44 of the 102 survived.
In the winter of 1620-21, only 44 of the 102 survived.
First Thanksgiving was in...
1621 brought bountiful harvests, though, and the first Thanksgiving was celebrated that year.
William Bradford
William Bradford, chosen governor of Plymouth 30
times in the annual elections, was a great leader, and helped Plymouth
to survive and trade fur, fish, and lumber.
In 1691,___finally merged with the _____.
In 1691, Plymouth finally merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

Who procured the royal charter to settle in New England?
What did they do with the charter?
The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

In 1629,some non-Separatist Puritans who hoped to reform the Church of England from within fled persecution in England and got a royal charter from
England to settle in the New World. Secretly, they took the charter
with them and later used it as a type of constitution.
It was a well-equipped group of 11 ships that carried about 1,000 people to Massachusetts.
John Winthrop was elected governor or deputy governor for 19 years, helping Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding.
John Winthrop
John Winthrop was elected governor or deputy governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony for 19 years, helping Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding.
city upon a hill
A goal to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind; THe Puritans believed they had a covenant with god to build such a society and it gave Massachusettians a shared sense of purpose
More people came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the decade after its establishment because
of turmoil in England
Congregational Church (early years in Massechusetts)
Soon after the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay colony, the franchise (right to vote) was extended to all “freemen,” adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations (later called the Congregational Church), making people who could enjoy the franchise about two fifths of the male population.
Town Meetings in the Bay Colony
All male property holders and more could vote and discuss in a meetinghouse; less strict membership than the Congregational Church.
Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership; however, congregations checked their power with the ability to
However, congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will, and set their salaries. Clergymen could not hold politial office. The Puritans did not want another political church!
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was a very intelligent,
strong-willed, talkative woman who claimed that a holy life was no sure
sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the
law of either God or man. A notion known as “antinomianism”.

Brought to trial in 1638, Anne boasted that her beliefs were directly from God.
She was banished from the colony and eventually made her way to Rhode Island.
She died in New York after an attack by Indians.
Roger Williams
Roger Williams was a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England.
He went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior.
He was banished in 1635, and led the way for the Rhode Island colony.
"The traditional home of th eotherwise minded"
“Little Rhody” was later known as “the traditional home of the otherwise minded.”
Reverend Thomas Hooker
Reverend Thomas Hooker led an energetic group of Puritans west into Connecticut.
Fundamental Orders
In 1639, settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the Fundamental Orders, a modern constitution that established a modern constitution
In 1638, ___ was founded by ____ who wanted and eventually merged into Connecticut.
In 1638, New Haven was founded by Puritans who wanted a closer church-gov't alliance than in Massachusetts and eventually merged into Connecticut.
The colonists at New Haven had no___. They also were out of favor with ___. T
charter, Charles II (because they sheltered two judges who had condemned Charles I to death)
A charter to Conneticut merged ___ with ___
New Haven/Connecticut.
In 1641, the granite-ribbed New Hampshire was absorbed into ___
Massachusetts after a formal purchase
In 1623, Maine was absorbed by ___and remained so for nearly a century and a half.
Massachusetts, under a strained interpretation of the Massachusetts constitution. The king separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it into a royal colony
Before the plymouth pilgrims had arrived in 1620,___ killing over three quarters of them.
Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing over three quarters of them.
Squanto
Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace when the Plymouth settlers first arrived.
Pequot War
In 1637, after more settlers came to New England and mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the Pequot War, annihiliatin the Pequot Tribe. Four decades of uneasy peace followed.
Chief Massasoit
THe Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving that year.
In an attempt to save face after the Pequot war, the Puritans did try to ___, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French.
In an attempt to save face, the Puritans did try to convert some of
the Indians, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French.
Metacom
In 1675, 38 years after the Pequot War, Metacom (called King Philip by the English)the son of Massasoit united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed.
King PHillip's war
In 1675, 38 years after the Pequot War, Metacom (called King Philip by the English)the son of Massasoit united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed. The King Philip’s War slowed the colonial western
march, but Metacom was beheaded and quartered and his head was stuck on
a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery.
New England Confederation

Members?
Purpose?
A milestone towards ___
In 1643, THe 2 Massachusetts colonies and 2 Connecticut colonies (Main and RI were too heretical) banded together to form the New England Confederation.
It was almost all Puritan and its purpose was to defend against the Indians, French and Dutch while England was preoccupied with civil wars.
It was weak, but still a notable milestone toward American unity.
benign neglect during early years of colonies' planting
The colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths.
After Charles II was restored to the British throne, he hoped to
control his colonies more firmly, but was shocked to find how much his
orders were ignored by Massachusetts.
As a punishment for Massachusetts's disobedience, Charless II...
As punishment, a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut (1662), and a charter was given to Rhode Island (1663).
Finally, in 1684, Massachusetts’ charter was revoked.
Dominion of New England

created by?
Included___
Intended to___ and also to enforce ____
as a result, ___ became common
In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created by London to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts, preventing trade of colonies with coutries other than England. It included All of New England, New York and New Jersey. Smuggling thus became common.
Sir Edmund Andros
Head of the Dominion of New England was Sir Edmund Andros.
Establishing headquarters in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England. He curbed the town meetings and placed restrictions on courts, the press, adn schools, and revoked all land titles.
His soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans, who soon revolted.
Glorious Revolution

what happened?
Inspired___
Began a period of___
At the same time as Andros's tyranny, the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution, instating William and Mary to the crown, inspiring tha Boston mob to rise against the existing regime in the "First American Revolution". Unrest also broke out in New York and Maryland. Most importantly, William and Mary relazed their grip on colonial trade, beginning a period of "salutary neglect".
After the 'First American Revolution' Massachusetts got a ___ in 1691, but this charter allowed
___ to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting
belonging only to the church members.
Massachusetts got a new charter in 1691, but this charter allowed
all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting
belonging only to the church members.
In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against ___, and with the help of ___, gained their independence
The ___ Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships (including 40 men-of-war).
The ___Company often ___rather than ___.
In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against Spain, and with the help of Britain, gained their independence.The Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships (including 40 men-of-war).
The Dutch West India Company often raided rather than traded.
Henry Hudson
In 1609, Henry Hudson, hired by the Dutch West India COmpany ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands
It was the ___Company that bought Manhattan Island
for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in
the world today).
It was the Dutch West India Company that bought Manhattan Island
for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in
the world today).
___, later NEw York City, was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders.
New Amsterdam was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders.
patroonships
The Dutch gave patroonships (large areas of land) to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them.
Friction of the Dutch with English and Swedish Neighbors

The director-generals were ___and company shareholders ___.
___attacked the Dutch for their cruelties.
New England was hostile against ___.
The ___trespassed Dutch reserves from 1638 to 1655 by planting the anemic colony of ___ on the Delaware River.
Things got so bad that the Dutch ___in New Amsterdam, for which ___ is named today.
The director-generals were incompetant and company whareholders greedy.
Indian’s attacked the Dutch for their cruelties.
New England was hostile against Dutch growth.
The Swedes trespassed Dutch reserves from 1638 to 1655 by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River.
Things got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam, for which Wall Street is named today.
Peter Stuyvesant
In 1655, resenting the Swedish intrustion on the Delaware, the Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant
to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial
rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence
that the Swedes were ever in Delaware.
In 1664, Charles II granted the area of ___to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops ___, kicking them out, without much violence
In 1664, Charles II granted the area of modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops landed and defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without much violence
Glorious Revolution

what happened?
Inspired___
Began a period of___
At the same time as Andros's tyranny, the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution, instating William and Mary to the crown, inspiring tha Boston mob to rise against the existing regime in the "First American Revolution". Unrest also broke out in New York and Maryland. Most importantly, William and Mary relazed their grip on colonial trade, beginning a period of "salutary neglect".
After the 'First American Revolution' Massachusetts got a ___ in 1691, but this charter allowed
___ to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting
belonging only to the church members.
Massachusetts got a new charter in 1691, but this charter allowed
all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting
belonging only to the church members.
In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against ___, and with the help of ___, gained their independence
The ___ Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships (including 40 men-of-war).
The ___Company often ___rather than ___.
In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against Spain, and with the help of Britain, gained their independence.The Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships (including 40 men-of-war).
The Dutch West India Company often raided rather than traded.
Henry Hudson
In 1609, Henry Hudson, hired by the Dutch West India COmpany ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands
It was the ___Company that bought Manhattan Island
for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in
the world today).
It was the Dutch West India Company that bought Manhattan Island
for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in
the world today).
___, later NEw York City, was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders.
New Amsterdam was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders.
patroonships
The Dutch gave patroonships (large areas of land) to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them.
Friction of the Dutch with English and Swedish Neighbors

The director-generals were ___and company shareholders ___.
___attacked the Dutch for their cruelties.
New England was hostile against ___.
The ___trespassed Dutch reserves from 1638 to 1655 by planting the anemic colony of ___ on the Delaware River.
Things got so bad that the Dutch ___in New Amsterdam, for which ___ is named today.
The director-generals were incompetant and company whareholders greedy.
Indian’s attacked the Dutch for their cruelties.
New England was hostile against Dutch growth.
The Swedes trespassed Dutch reserves from 1638 to 1655 by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River.
Things got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam, for which Wall Street is named today.
Peter Stuyvesant
In 1655, resenting the Swedish intrustion on the Delaware, the Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant
to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial
rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence
that the Swedes were ever in Delaware.
In 1664, Charles II granted the area of ___to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops ___, kicking them out, without much violence
In 1664, Charles II granted the area of modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops landed and defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without much violence
Pequot War
In 1637, after more settlers came to New England and mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the Pequot War, annihiliatin the Pequot Tribe. Four decades of uneasy peace followed.
Chief Massasoit
THe Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving that year.
In an attempt to save face after the Pequot war, the Puritans did try to ___, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French.
In an attempt to save face, the Puritans did try to convert some of
the Indians, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French.
Metacom
In 1675, 38 years after the Pequot War, Metacom (called King Philip by the English)the son of Massasoit united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed.
King PHillip's war
In 1675, 38 years after the Pequot War, Metacom (called King Philip by the English)the son of Massasoit united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed. The King Philip’s War slowed the colonial western
march, but Metacom was beheaded and quartered and his head was stuck on
a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery.
New England Confederation

Members?
Purpose?
A milestone towards ___
In 1643, THe 2 Massachusetts colonies and 2 Connecticut colonies (Main and RI were too heretical) banded together to form the New England Confederation.
It was almost all Puritan and its purpose was to defend against the Indians, French and Dutch while England was preoccupied with civil wars.
It was weak, but still a notable milestone toward American unity.
benign neglect during early years of colonies' planting
The colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths.
After Charles II was restored to the British throne, he hoped to
control his colonies more firmly, but was shocked to find how much his
orders were ignored by Massachusetts.
As a punishment for Massachusetts's disobedience, Charless II...
As punishment, a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut (1662), and a charter was given to Rhode Island (1663).
Finally, in 1684, Massachusetts’ charter was revoked.
Dominion of New England

created by?
Included___
Intended to___ and also to enforce ____
as a result, ___ became common
In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created by London to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts, preventing trade of colonies with coutries other than England. It included All of New England, New York and New Jersey. Smuggling thus became common.
Sir Edmund Andros
Head of the Dominion of New England was Sir Edmund Andros.
Establishing headquarters in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England. He curbed the town meetings and placed restrictions on courts, the press, adn schools, and revoked all land titles.
His soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans, who soon revolted.