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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development of corn or maize around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that:
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Then, people didn't have to be hunter-gatherers, they could settle down and be farmers.
This fact gave rise to towns and then cities. Corn arrived in the present day U.S. around 1,200 B.C |
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1st American corn growers.
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Pueble Indians. They lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos ("villages" in
Spanish). Pueblos are villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs. |
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Mound Builders
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These people built huge ceremonial and burial mounds and were located in the Ohio Valley.
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Eastern Indians grew...? (Type of farming)
Known for? Typified by? (Name 3 tribes in South, 1 in NOrth) |
Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming:
Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all North American Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North). |
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Iroquois Confederacy
(legendary) leader? Located in? Notable because? |
Hiawatha was the legendary leader of the group.
The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in New York state. They were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line. Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense. This was not the norm. Usually, Indians were scattered and separated (and thus weak). |
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Native Americans had a very different view of things as compared to Europeans.
Privat Property Spiritually Relationship with Nature Money |
Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans liked private property)
Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic) Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans felt nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use). Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold) |
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First Europeans to discover New World were?
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The Norse 9Vikings from norway)
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1000 AD, Vikins landed, Led by...
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Erik the Red and Lief Erickson
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Vikings landed in
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Newfoundland (=Vinland)
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Europeans Enter Africa
Expedition that stired interest? At the time, East-West routes were problematic because? Portugal needed a route to the .....? And started a...? |
Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest.
Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route. Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the Spice Islands, eventually rounding Africa's southern Cape of Good Hope. |
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3 navicational developments
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caravel: a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from Africa coast.
compass: to determine direction. astrolabe: a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship's latitude. |
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Slave trade begins
At first was accross the...? But then was along the... ... coast. Technique to squelch uprising? Slaves ended up in...? Spain watched Portugal's success with exploartion and slaves and...? |
The 1st slave trade was across the Sahara Desert.
Later, it was along the West African coast. Slave traders purposely busted up tribes and families in order to squelch any possible uprising. Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off Africa's coast. Spain watched Portugal's success with exploration and slaving and wanted a piece of the pie. |
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Columbus Comes upon a New World
Expedition funded by...? Goal was to...? In order to bypass...? But he made a mistake in...? |
Christopher Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition.
His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. He misjudged the size of the Earth though, thinking it 1/3 the size of what it was. So, after 30 days or so at sea, when he struck land, he assumed he'd made it to the East Indies and therefore mistook the people as "Indians." |
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"Discovery" of the New world led to a three-pronged system for a global economic system:
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Europe would provide the market, capital, technology.
Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber). |
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Columbian Exchange: Old world to New
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corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc.
also, syphilis |
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Columbian Exchange: New World to Old
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cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.
devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians had no immunities. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease. |
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Treaty Line of Tordesillas
Year? Line drawn by...? Why? Portugal got...? Spain got...? |
1494: Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both.
The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn't know it at the time) |
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Vasco Balboa:
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"discovered" Pacific Ocean through Isthmus of Panama
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Led expedition that circumnavigates the globe (1st to do so)
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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touches and names Florida looking for legendary Fountain of Youth (actually probably looking for gold)
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Hernando de Soto
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Floundered through Florida marshes; discovered Missisippi, abused Indians; died and "buried" in the Mississippi
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Francisco Pizarro
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conquers Incan Empire of Peru
and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). |
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Francisco Coronado
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ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.
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Encomienda system
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Indians were "commended" or given to Spanish landlords
The idea of the encomienda was that Indians would work and be converted to Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work. |
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What happened to Spain in the late 1400s?
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United under Ferdinand and Isabella/ Reconquista succeeded.
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Conquest of Mexico (Part 1)
Cortez's 2 guides Cortez's advantages |
Malinche- Indian slave; and Spanish castaway -Cortez's guides
Unrest in Aztec empire Tales of gold 20000 Indian Allies |
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Conquest of Mexico (Part 2)
Why did Moctezuma let Cortez into the city? What caused the noche triste? What happned? |
At first, Cortez welcomed as a god
Spaniard lust for gold-> noche triste (sad night): Aztecs attacked and Cortez laid siege to the city; conquest and disease led to destruction of thee Aztec empire. |
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Benefits of the conquest of MExico?
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-brought crops, animals, language, law, religion, customs
-mixed race mestizos |
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John Cabot
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English explorer who explored the NE coast of N. America
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Giovanni da Verrazano
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French explorer who explored the East Seaboard
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Jacques Cartier *
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French explorer of St. Lawrence River
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Spain was threatened by other European powers in the New world and settle North American borderlands by building the city of...
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St. Augustine (Teh Alamo); a forteress that protected sea-lanes to the Caribbean
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Don Juan de Onate
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Cruelly conquered MD, NM
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Pope's Rebellion (1680)
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Indian uprising in Roman Caotholic Mission in NM
Indians destroyed every Catholic Church in the area |
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Robert de la Salle
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sailed down the Mississippi
River for France claiming the whole region for their King Louis and naming the area "Louisiana" after his king. This started a slew of place-names for that area, from LaSalle, Illinois to "Louisville" and then on down to New Orleans (the American counter of Joan of Arc's famous victory at Orleans). |
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Black Legend
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The Black Legend was the notion that
Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate. |
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England's outpost and corner or the world in 1600s
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Jamestown, 1607/Atlantic Seaboard
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France's outpost/corner of the world in 1600s
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Quebec 1608/Canada
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Spain's outpost and corner of the world in 1600s
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Santa Fe, 1610/new Mexico
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T/F: In 1600s, N. America mostly claimed
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false;though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America.
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In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to ....
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-Internal Conflicts
-Ally fo Spain in 1500-1550s; little interest in establishing own colonies -Protestant Reformation led to conflict with Catholic CHurch |
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When did Britain become Protestant?
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After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.
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How did the British develop an attitude of neering contempt for natives?
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In Ireland, the Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against
England, but the English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and developed an attitude of sneering contempt for natives. |
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Sir Francis Drake
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pirate of Spanish $; knighted by Exlizabeth, angering the Spanish. Helped to defeat the Spanish Armada.
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sea dogs
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English pirates incl. Sir. Francis Drake; defeated the Spanish Armada
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Roanoke Island
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A first English attempt at colonization; organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. Colony vanished into wilderness.
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Who made the first move? Why did the English win? |
Philliip II Spain to invade England for Catholicism
1588, sea dogs vs Armada in English Channel English ships: better sailors, swifter, more manueverable Storm |
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Effects of defeat of Armada...
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Marked decline of Spain
Ensured England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism Golden age of literature (Shakespeare) |
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Britain and Spain finally signed a peace treaty after the defeat of the Armadain
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1604
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Enclosure Acts
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New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming. This meant there was less or no land for the poor.
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Primogeniture
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1st born son inherits
ALL father’s land. Therefore, younger sons of rich folk (who couldn’t inherit money) tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America. |
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joint-stock company
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By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return), being a forerunner of today’s corporations.
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What changes (social, economic) in England pushed the British into America?
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Enclosure acts, homeless people, Wool trade crash, "surplus population", primogeniture, Joint-stock companies provided $ means, Thirst for adventure, unemployhment, money, religious freedom
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Virginia company
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In 1606, the Virginia Company received a charter from King James I to make a settlement in the New World.
Such joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, as stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for profit a few years later. |
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Jamestown was hellish
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Forty colonists had perished during the voyage.
Problems emerged including (a) the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever. (b) men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), (c) there were zero women on the initial ship. It didn’t help that a supply ship shipwrecked in the Bahamas in 1609 either. |
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John Smith
-took control, decreeing... -once kidnapped, and... -main contributions |
Luckily, in 1608, a Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape.
At one point, he was kidnapped by local Indians and forced into a mock execution by the chief Powhatan and had been “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas. The act was meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists. John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy. -maintained peace with Indians |
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Lord De La Warr
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Came to Jamestown in 1610 and imposed a harsh military regime on the colony against Indians ("Irish tactics")
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Chief Powhatan
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supreme over a few local tribes; head of "Powhatan's COnfederacy"
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First Anglo-Powhatan war
Began because of? Ended with? |
because of De La Warr's harsh tactics
Ended with marriage of Pocahontas, John Rolfe |
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How did John Rolfe die?
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Eight years after the First Anglo-Powhatan war, in 1622, the Indians struck again with a series
of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead. The Virginia Company authorized "perpetual war w/o pecae or truce" and punitive raids. |
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The 2nd ANglo-Powhatan War
What caused it? The peace treaty had the effect of..? |
Began in 1644 after Indians made 1 last effor tto dislodge the Virginians. ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands.
Beginning of reservations system |
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THe 3 Ds that destroyed the Chesapeake Indians
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Disorganizations, disease, disposability
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Benign changes in the Indians' new world
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horses
People migrated to open plains and migrated in a new way of life |
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How did Disease rearrange Indian life?
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killed elders and extinguished oral tradition that kept tribal unity; natives scrambled together in new ways
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How did trade transform native lifestyles?
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Desire for firearms led to competition amongst tribes and a cycle of Indian on Indian violence
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Benefits and drawbacks of tobacco, Virginia's cash crop
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Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe. Jamestown had found its gold.
Chained Virginia's fortunes to a single crop -European demand Put colony on firm economic foundations Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land. |
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Maryland
Founded by? Intended to be a haven for...? Prospered because of? |
Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.
It was founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven. Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant, creating friction. However, Maryland prospered with tobacco. It had a lot of indentured servants. Only in the later years of the 1600s (in Maryland and Virginia) did Black slavery begin to become popular. |
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Act of Toleration
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Maryland’s statute, the Act of Toleration,
guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ. |
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WEST INDIES
Britain secured a few islands due to...? What was the chosen workforce? Slave codes defined...? |
As the British were colonizing Virginia, they were also settling into the West Indies (Spain’s preoccupation from military exertion and rebellious Dutch provinces).
By mid-1600s, England had secured claim to several West Indies islands, including Jamaica in 1655. They grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations there. Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations. At first, Indians were intended to be used, but disease killed an estimated 90% of all Native Americans. So, Africans were brought in. To control so many slaves, “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters. They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders. |
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The Restoration
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In England, King Charles I had been beheaded. Oliver Cromwell had
ruled for ten very strict years before tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration.” (After all the turmoil Civil War, they just went back to a king.) The bloody period had interrupted colonization. Carolina was named after Charles II, and was formally created in 1670. Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies |
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The principal crop in the Carolinas was
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Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina.
African slaves were hired to work on rice plantations, due to (a) their resistance to malaria and just as importantly, (b) their familiarity with rice. |
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Friction with catholic spain in Florida led to frequent Angl-Spanish wars in
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Carolinas
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Emergence of North Carolina
settlers came from... WHy did North Carolina develop resistance to authority? WHy did North and SOuth Carolina separate? That happened to the Tuscaroras Indians? |
Many newcomers to Carolina were “squatters,” people who owned no land, usually down from Virginia.
North Carolinians developed a strong resistance to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors. Two “flavors” of Carolinians developed: (a) aristocratic and wealthier down south around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations, and (b) strong-willed and independent-minded up north on small tobacco farms In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially separated. In 1711, when Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina, the Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition, selling hundreds to slavery and leaving the rest to wander north, eventually becoming the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois. |
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Georgia
intended as as a buffer between...? Founded by a group of.... including.... How good was religious toleration? |
Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies
and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida (Spanish, Indians, runaway slaves) and the enemy French in Louisiana. It was founded last, in 1733, by a high-minded group of philanthropists, mainly James Oglethorpe. Named after King George II, it was also meant to be a second chance site for wretched souls in debt. All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians. John Wesley was one of them, and he later returned to England and founded Methodism. Georgia grew very slowly because of a bad plantation climate, opposition to slavery and constant Spanish attacsk |
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James Oglethorpe
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James Oglethorpe, the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman, repelled Spanish attacks.
* He saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by using his own fortune to help with the colony of Georgia |
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John Wesley
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John Wesley was one of themissionaries who came to Georgia to convert Indians and he later returned to England and founded Methodism.
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____was found in all the plantation colonies.
The growth of cities was often _____ The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to _____ In the South, the crops were _____, and some ----in the tidewater region of ---- All the plantation colonies permitted some_____ Confrontations with----- were often. |
Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies.
The growth of cities was often stunted by forests. The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out. In the South, the crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC. All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration. Confrontations with Native Americans were often. |
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Were plantation colonies expansionary?
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Yes
Rovers guided penetation of continent Tobacco growing drove settlers west |
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The plantation colonies were
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Maryland, Virginia, N, S Carolina, Georgia
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How did the Iroquois COnfederacy collapse?
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After American Revolution, no consensus on which side to support
With a British defeat, the Confederacy was ruined. |
