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292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erikson's psycho social stages (actual stages)
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1. Trust vs mistrust (birth to 1.5 years)
2. Autonomy vs shame (1.5 to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years) 4. Industry vs inferiority (6-11 years) 5. Identity vs Identity confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood) 7. generativity vs stagnation (adulthood) 8. integrity vs despair (later adulthood) |
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Principles of Erikson's stages of development
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- each stages demonstrates unique needs and vulnerabilities
- each focuses on growth and culminates in an encounter or crisis - impact of environment, society and culture impact development |
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Piaget's theories
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1. action and operation (action is overt behavior; operation is a type of action that may be internalized thought
2. activity in development (child is active contributor to their universe) 3. adaptation: accommodation (adapt to characteristic of objects) assimilation (incorporate of external reality to mental organization) |
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Piaget's first stage of development
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sensory- motor (birth to 2): symbolic function ( can't recall persons or objects when they're absent) can predict events (door opening means someone will appear)
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Piaget's second stage
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Pre-operational (2-7 years); developing symbolic thought, no conceptual ability
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Piaget's third stage
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Concrete operational stage (7-11 years); has capacity to order and relate experience to an organized whole; can can consider several possible options to a problem
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Piaget's fourth stage
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formal operational stage (11-adolescence); can visualize events/concepts beyond present, can form theories; acquires objectivitiy
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Social work values
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1. worth of individual
2. right of individual to access services 3. right to individuals to fulfill potential without regard to class, race, gender, or sexual orientation 4. self determination 5. confidentiality |
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social work goals
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1. improve social functioning
2. resolve problems 3. achieve desired change 4. meet self defined goals |
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Psychosocial approach to clinical practice
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focuses on intrapsychic and interpersonal change
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problem solving approach to clinical practice
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focuses on distinct problems based on pyschosocial functional approaches
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behavior modification approach to clinical practice
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symptom reduction of problem behaviors learning alternative positive behaviors
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cognitive therapy approach to clinical practice
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symptom reduction of negative thoughts, distorted thinking, and dysfunctional beliefs
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crisis intervention
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brief treatment of reactions to crisis in order to restore client's equilibrium
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family therapy approach to clinical practice
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treats entire family system and sees individual symptom bearer as indicative of a problem in the family as a whole
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group therapy approach to clinical practice
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model in which group members help and are helped by other with similar problems, receive validation for their own experiences, and test new social identities and roles
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narrative therapy
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stores clients tell about their lives reveal how they construct perceptions of their experiences; worker helps client construct alternative, more affirming stories
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ecological or life model approach to clinical practice
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focus on life transition, environmental pressures and maladaption between individual and family/environment. focuses on interaction and interdependence
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task centered approach to clinical practice
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focuses on completing tasks to strengthen self-esteem and restore usual capacity for coping.
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psychosocial approach to social work
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1. psyoanalytic theory
2. ego psychogoly 3. social science theory 4. social science theory 5. biological theory |
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psychoanalytic theory psychosocial approach
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Sigmund Freud
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ego psychology psychosocial approach
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psychoanalytic base with focus on ego functions and adaptations, defense mechanisms (Anna Freud) adaptations to an average "expected environment (Hartmann); ego mastery and development through the life cycle (Erikson); separation/individuation (Margaret Mahler)
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social science theories of psychosocial approach
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role, family and small group, impact of culture, communication theory, systems theory
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biological theories of psychosocial approach
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ecological, homeostasis, behavioral genetics, health, illness
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boundaries
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means of organization through which system parts can be differentiated both from their environment and from each other. they protect and improve the differentiation and integrity of the family, subsystem, and individual family members
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collaborative therapy
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therapy in which separate worker sees each spouse or member of the family
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complementary family interaction
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type of family relationship in which members present opposite behaviors that supply needs or lacks in the other family member
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complementarity of needs
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circular support system o fa family, in which reciprocity is found in meetin gneeds; can be adaptive or maladaptive
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double-bind communication
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communication in which two contradictory messages are conveyed concurrently, leave to a no-win situation
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family of origin
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family into which one in born
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family of procreation
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the family which one forms with a mate and one's own children
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enmeshment
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obscuring of boundaries in which differentiation of family subsystems and individual autonomy are lost; characterized by "mind reading"
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homeostasis
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staet of systemic balance
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identified patient
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"symptom bearer" in the family
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multiple family therapy
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therapy in which three or more families form a with one or more clinicians to discuss common problems; group support is given and problems are universalized
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scapegoating
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unconscious, irrational election of one family member for a negative, demeaned or outsider role
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Haley and Madanes' stategic family therapy
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1. seeks to learn what function the symptom services int he family (what is the "payoff"
2. problem-focused behavioral change, emphasis of parental power and hierachical family relationships 3. helplessness, incompetence, illness, all provide power positions within the family; child uses symptoms to change the behavior of parents |
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Milan School's systemic family therapy
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makes assumption that symptoms serve a purpose: to maintain the family structure within dysfunctional families. A family member is sacrificed to maintain family structure.
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Virginia Satir and Esalen Institutes Experiential family therapy
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examined roles of rescuer and placatory that constrain relationships and interactions in families; seeks to incrase intimacy in improve self-esteem of family members by using awareness and communications of feelings. emphasis on individual growth. importance on marital partners
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Narrative therapy approach
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-Michael White, Australia
- focus son the stories people tell about their lives - reveal and reframe the way clients structure their perceptions and experiences |
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treatment of children
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typically referred to tx for sx or behavioral problems. theoretical approach based on:
1. normal child development theory 2. psychosocial development theory 3. attachment theory 4. object relations theory |
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Types of social work groups
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1. educational groups
2. growth groups 3. therapy groups 4. socialization groups 5. task groups |
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Gestalt orientation and filed theory in re: to group tx
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view experiences no inisolation but as perpetually organized and part of a field comprised of system or co-existing, interdepedent factors
- basis of group dynamics stuff |
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Tuckman's phases of group development
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1. form
2. storm 3. norm 4. perform 5. adjourn |
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Boston of group development
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1. preaffiliation
2. power and control 3. intimacy 4. differentiation 5. separation |
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Relational model of group development (feminist)
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1. preaffiliation
2. establishing a relational base 3. mutuality and interpersonal empathy 4. challenge and change 5. separation and termination |
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Freud's topographical theory
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1. unconscious: repressed theories and experiences/primary process fxning/inaccessible to consciousness
2. preconscious: accessible to conscousness; censor which blocks unconscious; operates according to reality principle 3. consciousness: sensation from outer world and from inner events such as thoughts, emotions, memories; reality functioning |
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Freud reality principle
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the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly
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Freud Structural theory
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Id- source of all motives
Ego- rational, reality-oriented personalty system Superego- moral and ethical standards, ego ideals (conscience); seeks to inhibit id personality development- infants are pure id; id collides with reality, which leads to ego development |
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Freud psychosexual stages
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1. oral: birth to 1.5
2. anal: 1.5-3 yrs 3. phallic: 3-5 yrs (development of oedipal complex) 4. latency: 6-10 yrs 5. genital: 10- adulthood |
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Freud adult personality types
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1. oral: infantile, demanding, dependent
2. anal: stingy, rigid, legalistic 3. phallic: selfish sexual exploitation |
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Pavlov learning theory
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conditionied stimuli linked to unconditioned stimuli to elicit fixed, unconditioned response
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B.F. Skinner
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empty organism concept: infant has capacity for action build into her/his physical makeup
behavior of children is shaped largely by adults as teh result of satisfying consequences (reinforcement |
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operant behavior
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conrolled by consequences of that behavior; actions preceding or following behavior need to be changed
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Flooding
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desensitization by expsure to an axniety
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Locality development model of community organizing
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-working in a neighborhood with the goal of improving the quality of community life
- process oriented with purpose of uniting diverse community elements - tactics: consensus and capacity building; goal is to resolve smaller problems which leads to solving of more complex problems - worker's role: enabler, coordinator, educator, broker |
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social planning model of community organizing
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-careful, rational study of community's characteristics in order to provided basisi for identifying problems and solutions
- focus on problem solving through fact gathering rational action and needs assessment - tactics: consensus or conflict - worker role: researcher, reporter, data analyst, program planner, implementer, facilitator |
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social action model of community organizing
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- requires easily identifiable target and clear, explainable goals
-target is typically community institution that controls funds - direct action is the only way to get those in power to relinquish control - worker's role: advocate, activist, negotiator |
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social reform model of community organizing
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- collaborate with other organizations for the disadvantaged
- worker's role: develop coalitions - mixture of social action and social planning - strategies: fact gathering, publicity, lobbying, political pressure - pursued by elites on behalf of disadvantaged groups |
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Problems with alcohol abuse
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1. it is widely available
2. progression occurs over extended period 3. most alcoholics have lives until use crosses threshold and then crash and burn 4. misuse is difficult to identify because its legal 5. alcoholic is more likely to be motivated for change after supports stop supporting fiction that there is no addiction |
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harm of inhalants
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frequently toxic and can cause brain damage, heart disease, liver and kidney failure
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harmful behaviors with substance abuse
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1. often associated with minor crimes (incl. prostitution)
2. associated with DV, sexual misconduct, auto accidents 3. promote behavioral problems that make it difficult to maintain employment and relationships |
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what are narcotics
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1. used medicinally to relieve pain
2. high potential for abuse 3. cause relaxation with immediate rush 4. effects: restlessness, nausea, euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils |
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narcotics overdose sx
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- slow, shallow breathing
- clammy skin - convulsions - coma -death |
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narcotics withdrawal sx
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- watery eyes
- runny nose - yawning - cramps - loss of appetite - irritability - nausea - tremors - panic -chills - sweating |
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what are depressants
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- used to relieve anxiety, irritability, or tension
- high potential for abuse and development of tolerance - produce a state of intoxication similar to alcohol - when combined with alcohol effects and risks increase |
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depressant withdrawal sx
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anxiety
insomnia muscle tremors loss of appetite abrupt cessation may cause convulsions, delirium, or death |
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what are stimulants
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increase alertness, relieve fatigue, feel stronger and more decisive, euphoric effects; counteract down feeling of depressants
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stimulant effects
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-increased heart rate
- increased respiratory rate - elevated blood pressure - dilated pupils - decreased appetite |
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stimulant withdrawal sx
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- apathy
- long periods of sleep - irritability - depression - disorientation |
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what are hallucinogens
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- drugs that cause behavioral changes that are often multiple and dramatic
- no know medical use, but some pain blocking - "designer drugs" made to imitate illegal drugs can be many times stronger than the drugs they imitate |
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effects of hallucinogens
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- rapidly changin gmood
- hallucinations, illusions, dizziness, confusion, suspicion, anxiety, loss of control - chronic use: depression, violent behavior, anxiety, distorted perception of time - large doses: convulsions, coma, heart/lung failure, ruptured blood vessels - delayed effects: "flashbacks" long after use - designer drugs- irreversible brain damage |
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what is cannabis
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hemp plant from which marijuana and hashish are produced
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predicting factors of substance abuse
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- early or regular use of gateway drugs (alcohol, marijuana, nicotine)
- early aggressive behavior - intra-familial disturbances - associating with substance abusers |
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factors that effect drug of choice
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- current fashion
- availability - peer influence - biological and psychological factors - genetic factors (esp w/alcohol) |
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Anna Freuds defense mechanisms
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- unconscious process in which ego attempts to expel anxiety provoking impulses
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compensation
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protection against feelings of inferiority and inadequacy stemming from personal defects
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conversion
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somatic changes conveyed in symbolic body language; psychic pain felt in part of the body
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denial
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avoidance of awareness of painful aspect of reality
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displacement
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investing repressed feelings in a substitute object (boss yells at me, I yell at my spouse)
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association
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(altruism) acquiring gratification through connection with and helping another person who is satisfying the same instincts
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identification
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manner by which one becomes like another person in one ore more respects (more elaborate than introjection)
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introjection
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absorbing an idea or image so it becomes part of oneself
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inversion
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object of aggressive drive is changed for another to the self (esp in depression and masochism)
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isolation of affect
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separation of ideas from the feelings originally associate with them; remaining idea is deprived of motivational force (being calm during robbery, crying later)
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intellectualization
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psychological binding of instinctual drives in intellectual activites
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projection
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ascribing a painful idea to the external world
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rationalization
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effort to give logical explanation for painful unconscious material to avoid guilt and shame
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reaction formation
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replacing in conscious awareness a painflul idea or feeling with its opposite
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regression
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withdrawal to an earlier phase of psychosexual development
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repression
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act of obliterating material from conscious awareness
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reversal
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transforming passive into active (ex channeling feeling of dependence into making other depend on you)
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splitting
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seeing external objects as either all good or all bad; feelings may shift rapidly from one to the other (my friend is all bad for missing lunch)
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sublimation
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redirecting energies of instinctual drive to positive goals that are more socially acceptable (rage redirected to football practice)
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subsitution
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trading of affect for another (ex rage masking fear)
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undoing
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performing ritual that is opposite of an act one has recently carried out in order to balance/cancel out (you have feelings of hate for someone so you buy them a gift)
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identificatoiin with aggressor
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child's introjection of some characteristic of an anxiety evoking object and assimilation of an anxiety experience just lived through (shifting from the one being threatened to one threatening)
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theoretical base of trauma-related practice with adults
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1. trauma victim experiences threat to his her safety or integrity; extreme fear and helplessness
2. may be chronic and repeated or one time event 3. sx of PTSD and DV are self-protective attempts to cope with realistic threats |
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trauma focused assumption re: human behavior
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1. most people experience the world as basically safe and they are worthy
2. trauma challenges or reverses this belief 3. resilience is innate capacity to self-regulate after experiencing trauma 4. resilience can be internal or external 5. resilience is more difficult when trauma is more severe, chronic, or happens at the hands of a caretaker |
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physical abuse
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extreme physical discipline that exceeds normative community standards
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physical indicators
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bruises, broken bones without adequate explanation, lacerations, fractures, burns in odd patterns, head injuries, internal injuries, open sores, untreated wounds or illness
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behavioral indicators
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overly compliant, passive, undemanding
overly aggressive, demanding, hostile role reversal behavior extremely dependent behavior |
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sexual abuse
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inappropriate sexual contact, molestation, rape
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child neglect
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failure of caretaker (who has the resources) to prive minimally adquate haelth care, nutrition, shelter, education, supervision, affect, or attention. also, expoitation
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indicators of child neglect
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abandonment, absence of sufficient adult supervision, inadequate clothing, poor hygiene, lack of medical/dental care, inadequate education, inadequate shelter. Also, failure, unwillingness, or inability to correct these indicators
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principal goal of trauma planning in children
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protecting child from further harm immediately and conclusively. may require temporary or permanent removal of child or caretaker
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secondary goal of trauma planning in children
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creating conditions to ensure abuse or neglect does not recur and after supervision/tx has terminated
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intervention goal for children with trauma
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help parents learn parenting/relational skills that can change parental behavior and children's responses
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theory of cultural relativism
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-values, beliefs, models of behavior must be understood within cultulra framework
-normality and deviance are determined by dominant culture - minority behavioral norms may be viewed as abnormal - worker must understand client behavior w/in context of their culture |
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statistics of childhood poverty in america
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-1/4 children under 6
-minority children much more likely -many are homeless or involved with CPS -fewer than 1/3 live soley on welfare -more than half have one working parent -children of single mothers more likely -increased health impairment |
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Kohlberg theory of moral development principles
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-based on Piaget's theory that experiences shape understanding of morals
- six stages with dramatic changes -linear (cannot be skipped) throughout lifetime - progress based on availability of a role model |
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development stages
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1. primitive, egocentric; concrete crime and punishment
2. moral reciprocity; observe morals because its in their interest, retaliation can be form of justice 3. what is expected by those in close relationship; stereotypic roles (ex good mother) 4. shifts to larger social system; observance of laws and social responsibilty 5. post-conventional; rejects uniform application of rules and norms, rooted in ethical fairness |
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Gilligan's morality of care
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-feminist response to Kohlberg
- two distinct charges: to treat others fairly (justice/rights) and not turn away someone in need (care) |
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world view
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the way a client perceives their relationships to nature, institutions, and other people and objects. comprises psychological orientation to life.
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cultural competence- practitioner
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1. aware and accept differences
2. aware of one's own cultural values 3. understand dynamics of difference (power and bias) 4. development of cultural knowledge 5. ability to adapt practice to fit client's cultural context |
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cultural competence- instition
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1. values diversity (staff, policies, regular self-assessment)
2. institutionalization (has integrated diversity into structure, policy) |
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Halls theory of communication- high context styles
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strong reliance on context cues and flexible sense of time; social roles shape interaction; persona and affective (Asian, Latino, Black, Native American)
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Hall's theory of communication- low context style
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formal with complex codes; show disregard for context codes and reliance on verbals; inflexible sense of time; highly procedural (European/White)
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Limitations to acceptance of cultural differences
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(really, just things that are illegal) 1. child labor2. honor killings 3. private/family vengeance 4. slavery 5. infanticide 6. female circumcision 7. infibulations 8. bigamy 9. beatings 10. bigamy 11. child marriage 12. denial of medical care 13. abondonment of malformed children 14. extreme discipline |
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stages of development in organizations
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1. cultural destructiveness
2. cultural incapacity (aware of need, feels incapable) 3. cultural blindness (colorblind) 4. cultural pre-competency 5. cultural competency 6. cultural proficiency |
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cultural encapsulation
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ex. ethnocentrism, color blindness, false universals
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language barriers
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verbal, nonverbal, body language, dialect
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class bound values barriers to cross cultural practice
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treatment, service delivery, power dynamics
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bias in human service clinical work
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-minorities and women receive more severe dx
- blacks at higher risk for involuntary commitment - LGBT treated with ethically questionable reorientation |
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stereotypes of the elderly
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- asexual
-rigid - impaired psychological functioning - incapable of change |
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power
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ability to influence other in intended ways
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sources of power
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- control of recourses
- numbers of people - degree of social organisation |
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client population
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group served by an agency or all clients served by all fields of social work
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structure
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patterned interactions, network of roles and statuses, communications, leadership, power relationships that distinguish a group at any point in time
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culture
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integrated patterns of human behaviors that include thought, communication, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious, or social group
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diversity
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groups that are not easily subsumed in the larger culture (SES, gender, sexual orientation, age, ability)
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ethnicity
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group classification in which members share a unique social and cultural heritage that is passed from one generation to the next; not the same as race
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race
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no biological significance; subgroup that possesses a definite combination of physical characteristics of a genetic origin
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prejudice
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bias or judment based on value judgement, personal history, inferences about other and application of normative judgements
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discrimination
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expressing prejudice with immediate and serious social and economic consequences
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stereotyping
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simplified distorted belief about an ethnic, gender, or other group in order to justify discriminatory conduct
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oppressed minority
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a group differentiated from others in society because of physical or cultural characteristics; group receives unequal treatment and view itself as an object of collective discrimination
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privilege
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advantages or benefits that the dominant group has; given unintentionally, unconsciously, and automatically
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ageism
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attitude toward the capabilities and experiences of old age which leads to devaluation and disenfranchisement
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acculturation
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learning and adopting the dominant culture through adaptation adn assimilation
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ethnic identity
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sense of belonging to an identifiable group and having historical continuity in addition to a sense of common customs and mores transmitted over generations
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social identity
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dominant culture establishes criteria for categorizing individuals and the normal and ordinary characteristics believed to be natural and ordinary for members of the society
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virtual social identity
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attributes ascribed to persons based on appearances dialect, social setting, and material features
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actual social identity
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characteristics the person actually demonstrates
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stigma
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characteristic that makes an individual different from the group and is perceived to be an intensely discreditable trait
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normification
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an attempt of the stigmatized person to persent her/himself as an ordinary person
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normalization
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treating the stigmatized person as if she/he does not have a stigma
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focuses for social work assessment
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1. intrapsychic (internal processes) dynamics, strengths and problems
2. interpersonal dynamics, strengths, and problems 3. environmental strengths and problems 4. interaction and intersection of all these |
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dynamic component of psychosocial assessment
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determine how different characteristics of clients and client's important relationships interact to influence him/her total functioning
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etiological component of psychosocial assessment
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determining the causative factors that produced the presenting problem and that influence the client's previous attempts to deal with it
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clinical component of psychosocial assessment
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articulation of the client's functioning (ex. mental status, coping strategies, clinical dx)
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problem solving approach to assessment
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1. focus on identifying problem and the aspects that can be involved in problem solving
2. assess motivation, capacity, and opportunity (MCO) 3. include statement of the problem (objective facts and subjective responses 4. combined activity of worker and client |
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crisis intervention approach to assessment
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1. exploring the stress producing event, client's response to it, and response to past crises
2. signs, phases, patterns of adaptation and maladaptation to crisis (ie ptsd) 3. high focused assessment that emphasizes current state of functioning, internal and environmental supports and deficits |
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cognitive therapy approach to assessment
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1. list the client's cognitive distortions
2. list the client's negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs |
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task-centered practice approach to assessment
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1. examination and clarifcatino of problems
2. worker and client create a rationale for resolution and note potential tx benefits |
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system theory practice approach to assessment
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problems do no belong to individual, but to the interaction of the behaviors or social conditions that create disequilibrium
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family systems theory approach to assessment
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1. acknowledgment of dysfunction in family system
2. family hierarchy assessment 3. evaluation of boundaries 4. how does the symptom function in the family system |
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tx planning when treating children
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1. build on strengths, focus on areas where functioning is problematic
2. support adaptive behavior 3. set realistic goals 4. clarify lenght of time for tx; ongoing evaluation 5. build relationship through management of concrete planning |
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assessment with children
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1. understand child's inner feelings and conflicts
2. observe parent-child interaction and family dynamics 3. observe practical difficulties and environmental problems |
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assessment in geriatric social work
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1. presenting problem and client's resources
2. observe intergenerational dynamics 3. presence and effect of chronic illness 4. home safety 5. medications 6. need for supportive services 7. ADLs |
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treatment planning in geriatric social work
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1. interventions/solutions that offer choice and support client's highest level of functioning
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Autism spectrum disorder
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1. delays or abnormal functioning in social interaction/language for social communication
2. restricted repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities |
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autism spectrum disorder severity
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level 1: requires support
level 2: requires substantial support level 3: requires very substantial support |
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schizophreniform
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more than one month but less than 6
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delusional disorder
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just delusion; at least one month; can't meet schizophrenia dx
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brief psychotic disorder
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less than one month
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reactive attachment disorder
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child rarely seeks or responds to comfort when upset, usually due to emotional neglect
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disinhibited social engagement disorder
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child has decreased hesitations re: interaction with unfamilear adults
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PTSD
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re-expereiencing of truama for more than one month
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acute stress disorder
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anxiety and dissociative sx develop w/in one month of experiencing a trauma
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adjustment disorder
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behavioral/emotional changes occur w/in 3 months of stressor; distress disproportionate to actual stressor
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somatic sx disorder
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somatic sx (including pain)that are persistant and distressing and feelings re: sx take up an extreme amount of time and energy
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illness anxiety disorder
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preoccupation with getting or currently having an illness
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factitious disorder
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falsely presenting oneself or someone else as ill, even when there are no obvious gains to doing so
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conversion disorder
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motor or perceptual sx suggesting physical disorder, but actually reflect emotional conflict
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somatoform disorders
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-multiple physical/somatic sx that cannot be explained medically
-impair function and cause distress |
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tx of somatoform disorder
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-early intervention to prevent unnecessary medical/surgical intervention
-move attention from sx to problems of living - supportive therapy -long term relationship with one MD - no medication |
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rumination disorder
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regurgitation or re-chewing of food
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encopresis
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involuntary fecal soiling in children who have already been toilet trained
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enuresis
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repeated voiding of urine during day or night; occurs in those early enough to be expected to be able to control bladder
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cluster A personality disorder
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1. paranoid personality
2. schizoid personality 3. schizotypal |
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cluster B personality disorders
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1. antisocial
2. borderline 3. histrionic 4. narcissistic |
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cluster C personality disorders
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1. avoidant
2. dependent 3. obsessive compulsive |
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delirim
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1. disturbance in consciousness or attention
2. short period of time, fluctuates 3. also changes in cognition 4. not explained by other condition 5. caused by medical condition or substance related |
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neurocognitive disorders (NCD)
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caused by:
1. alzeimers 2. frontotermporal lobar degeneration 3. lewy body disease 4. vascular disease 5. TBI 6. substance/medication use 7. HIV 8. prion disease 9. parkisons 10. huntingtons |
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typical unipolar depression
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prozac
zoloft paxil luvox celexa lexapro |
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atypical antidepressants
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effexor
wellbutrin cymbalta |
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tricyclic antidepressants
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imipramine
amitriptyline elavil |
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MAOIs
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Nardil
parnate marplan |
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benefits of SSRIs
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fewer side effects
cannot overdose on SSRIs alone |
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downsides of SSRIs
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take a long time to work
expensive loss of libido can lose effectiveness after a while |
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drugs for anxiety
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ativan (lorazapam)
xanax klonopin valium |
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typical drugs for attention disorders
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ritalin
concerta adderall |
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early remission
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none of the substance use disorder criteria have been met for at least 3 months but not more than 1 year (greatest relapse potential)
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sustained remission
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one year or longer
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maintenance therapy
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replacement medication that can be taken to avoid withdrawal sx
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management o falcohol intoxication
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1. need to be monitored
2. sx begin 4-12 hours after stopping or reducing alochol 3. sx peak during second day, settle within 4-5 days 4. serious complication of withdrawal include seizures, hallucinations, delirim |
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opioid agonists
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methadone
LAAM |
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commonalities between all approaches to social work tx
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1. use of relationship in some way
2. some form of assessment, tx planning, and goal setting 3. a means of evaluating tx |
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means through change in psychosocial approach
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1. insight and resolution of emotional conflict
2. corrective emotional experience in relationship with social worker 3. changes in affect, cognition, or behavioral patterns 4. changes in environment |
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motivation to change in cognitive therapy
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1. diequilibrium
2. anxiety 3. desire to live without sx 4. agreement to work towards changing thought patterns |
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means of change in cognitive therapy
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1. structured sessions
2. exploring and testing cognitive distortions and basic beliefs 3. homework between sessions 4. changes in feelings and behaviors in the future com about through changes in the way client interprets events |
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steps in research
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1. problem formulation
2. methodology 3. collection of data 4. analysis of results 5. dissemination of results |
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operationalizing a concept
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condensing a concept to a set of directions and actions to that a study can progress in a systematic and replicable manner
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null hypothesis
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states that there is no significant relationships between two variable. research standard is to test a hypothesis against a null hypothesis
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independent variable
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believes to cause some variation in another variable (the variable that is manipulated)
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dependent variable
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the variable being affected by the study
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validity
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how well a study actually measure what it intends
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concurrent validity
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measure used in a study is compared with another instrument presumed to measure the same vairable
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predictive validity
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a measure used in a study is compared with a predicted future outcome
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content validity
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also: face validity
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reliability
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consistency in the measurement of a variable
without reliability there is no validity though reliability does not guarantee validity |
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Max Weber's characteristics of beureaucracy
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1. formal hierarchical structure
2. written rules 3. spheres of competence/organized by specialty 4. impersonal relationships 5. employment based on basis of competence 6. thorough and expert training |
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classical management
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1. employee is an appendage of the company
2. workers most productive when they have little discretion 3. primary motivation for all work is economic 4. productivity linked to compensation 5. authority is hierarchical and formal 6. structure emphasizes production, compliance, and efficiency 7. workers should have specialized, repetitive tasks that don't can for individual judgement |
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Mayo's human relations theory
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1. a person must be view differently than an industrial machine
2. social norms influence production 3. motivation is emotional (not just economic) 4. employee participation enhances motivation 5. informal organization and peer groups are important in influencing workers; worker involvement increases production 6. management should consider work group, relationships and human factors when planning |
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structuralist (Etzioni and Drucker) perspective on administration
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1. synthesis of human relations and classical
2. strains between personal needs and organizational needs will always be present 3. stress among various levels within organization 4. motivations are both economic and social 5. organizational structures are both formal and informal |
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systems perspective (Kahn, Katz) on administration
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1. organizations contain interacting, interdependent parts
2. related to other surrounding systems 3. major processes include input (energy, resources, clients, funds), throughput (work that is done such as therapy), and output (the result, such as client's improved fxn) 4. systems can be open or closed (more or less open to changes in the environment) |
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rational approach to social welfare policy making
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idealized and structured approach; identify and understand a social problem, identifying solutions and their consequences, and rationally choosing the best alternatives
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political approach to social welfare policy making
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recognizes the importance of compromise, power, competing interest, and partial solutions; without aggressive advocacy the needs of the disadvantaged become marginalized
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core values of social work profession
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1. service
2. social justice 3. dignity and worth of the person 4. importance of human relationships 5. integrity 6. competence |
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NASW ethic commitment to clients
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client interests are primary
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NASW ethic self-determination
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respect and promote the right of clients to identify and clarify their goals
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NASW ethic informed consent
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use clear, understandable language to inform clients of purpose, risks, limits, costs, alternatives, and time frame
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NASW ethic compentence
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represent self only as competent within bounds of education, training, certification, supervision, etc
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NASW ethic conflicts of interest
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protecting clients' rights may rquire termination and referral
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dual or multiple relationships
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should not engage where risks of exploitation or potential harm to client
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NASW ethic providing services to people who have relationships with each other
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*
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NASW ethic client access to records
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reasonable access to their records; limit only in exceptional circumstances when there is compelling evidence that such access would cause serious harm
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incremental changes
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small changes built on each other; ex. passing of medicare followed by acceptance of medicaid
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putative father
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alleged father of a child born outside of marriage
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socioeconomic status
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determined by occupation, education, and income of head of household
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primary prevention
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intervention begun before any evidence of the onset of a problem
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secondary prevention
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early detection and treatment of a problem
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tertiary prevention
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treatment in the acute phase of a problem
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mainstreaming or normalization
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including children with special needs in regular classrooms while continuing to give them special services
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juvenile status offense
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a crime that has no equivalent in the criminal code (ex. truency, running away)
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malingering
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feigning illness to escape work or duty
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conduct disorder
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characterized by patterns of behavior in children under 18 that violate basic human rights, including aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceit and theft
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gestalt theory
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believes that individual's personality is made up of three parts (like Freud) but that parts are integrated and should be viewed as a whole
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confrontation
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technique used to help a client compare opposing thoughts or ideas
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schema
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Piaget's theory: goal'orientated strategies individuals use to explore their environment and learn about the world
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adaptation
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Piaget- the reciprocal exchange between an individual and their environment (how a child learns); consists of assimilation and accommodation
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assimilation
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incorporation of an aspect into existing schema
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accommodation
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adaptation or modification of schema to a new object
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Piaget sensorimotor stage
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birth to 2; uses his senses to understand the world (sucking); can use circular reaction (sucking my thumb is nice, i'll keep doing it; lacks symbolic function; unable to think of things that aren't present
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piaget pre-operational stage
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2-7 years; child begins to use symbols (ex drawing, words); gains an understanding of past and future; child is self-centered, sees everything only as it relates to itself
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piaget concrete operational stage
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learns to manipulate things logically; learns conservation of substance; can imagine things happening without having to see them happen
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Piaget conservation of substance
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child can understand when an amount of something remains constant even when appearance of thing changes (ex. liquids poured into different shaped containers)
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Piaget's formal operations stage
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11-15 can use abstract thought, "hypothetical thinking"; approach problems systematically
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best tool for training of social workers
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systematic case presentation
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selective eligibility programs
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opposite of universal program; means-tested is one type
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specialization perspective
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a social worker who works exclusively from one framework (ex. behavioralist)
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generalist perpective
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social worker who works from several frameworks based on the needs of the client
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Margaret Mahler Object Relations Theory
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1. normal autistic phased (first weeks of life; infant is detached and self-absorbed)
2. normal symbiotic phase (until about five months old) aware of caregiver but no sense of self 3. separation-individuation phase (subphases through 24 months) child "ruptures shell" between mother/itself and rest of world |
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subsection of Mahler's separation-individuation phase
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a. hatching- 5-9 mo (increased alertness to external world
b. practicing- 9-16 mo (becomes more distance from mom/crawling) c. rapproachment- 16-26 mo- toddler is anxious about leaving mom, anxious about her reaction/having her close |
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institutional social welfare
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public assistance program that are permanent and provide for overall protection and support of society
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defense mechanisms are the function of the
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Ego
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horizontal intervention (macro practice)
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when a community resolves an issue within the community itself; vs outside help which is vertical intervention
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groups stages
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1. preaffiliation
2. power and control 3. intimacy 4. differentiation 5. separation |
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single subject design
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AB
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isolation
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defense mechanism where memories are separated from accompanying feelings
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catharsis
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emotional release by talking without real focus
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punishment
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presenting an individual with an unpleasant or undesireable event in an effort to stop a behavior
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projective identification
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unconscious modeling of one's self upon another actions, thoughts or behaviors
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elavil
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drug for depression
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echolalia
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repetitive imitation of speech of another; often seen in Tourettes, infants under 1, and people with schizophrenia
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paradoxial intervention
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family or couples therapy approach; indivudal is told in intentionally continue the "problem" behavior; makes the individual aware of the bahvior
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split half
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reliability test where researcher looks for correlation between scores acheived by a group on on half of the test and a nother group on a similar part
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key component of psychosocial theroy
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catharsis
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GAF score in order to admitted to psychiatric hospital
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less than 50
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kurtosis
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skewed distribution on bell curve
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random error is assessed by
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instrument reliability
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culture bound syndrome
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recurrent, locality specific patterns of aberrant behavior
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Jesse Taft and Virginia Robinson
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Functional theory: highlights the importance of agency function in the helping process
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characteristics of Gestalt therapy
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empty chair technique
directed awareness I statements |
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Ego psychology
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one of the few tx focuses on the past
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kubler-ross five stages of death and dying
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1. denial
2. anger 3. bargaining 4. despair/depression 5. acceptance |
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primary defense mechanisms
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1. withdrawal 2. denial 3. omnipotent control 4. idealization 5. projection, introjection, 6. splitting 7. dissociation |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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- father of psychology
- school of thought: voluntarism, the process of organizing the mind - stated conscious states could be scientifically studied by introspection - examined the structure of the conscious mind - felt emotions emerged before cognitive understanding |
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Willam James
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- pragmatism - funtionalism: focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior instead of the structure - felt cognitive processing precedes emotions |
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guiding fiction
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Adler's theory; internally created self-image, never fully congruent with reality; dysfunctionally present
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John B. Watson
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developed the concept of behaviorism, which analyzes the cause and effect of identified behaviors; Little Albert experiment (indirect stimulus/ response)
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Vygotsky zone of proximal development
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children function at a lower limit if all help with withheld, and move to higher level with skilled assistance
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Vygotsky scaffolding
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teaching pattern where an adult provides more intensive assistance to a child at the outset of learning a difficult task and then tapers back as skill is acquired
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Lewin's behavioral equation
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heuristic formula which explains social behavior
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fixation
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defense mechanism referring to arrested personality development at a stage short of normative maturation
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operant conditiong vs pavlovian conditioning
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operant deal with modificaotn of voluntary behavior via consequences; pavlovian produces behavior under new antecedent conditions
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Kohlberg's multilevel theory of moral development
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1. preconventional
a. obedience and orientation (how can i avoid punishment) b. self-interest orientation (what's in it for me) 2. conventional a. interpersonal accord and conformity (good boy/good girl) b. authority and social order maintaining (law and order morality) 3. post conventional a. social contract orientation b. universal ethical principles (principled conscious) |
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stage at which psychopathology in children becomes apparent
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language because of the complexity
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nurturing system
|
family and intimate supports
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sustaining system
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institutional supports and society as a whole
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coming out process
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1. confusion over sexual identity
2. recognition of sexual identity 3. exploration relative to sexual identity (internally and in discussion with others) 4. disclosure to others 5. acceptance of sexual identity 6. avoidance of the heterosexual world 7. pride in sexual identity 8. extending disclosing (to everyone) 9. re-entering heterosexual world 10. moving past sexual orientation |
