April 2Nd Cards

Front 1

Flame throwers

Back 1

weapon of choice for clearing positions

Front 2

Ancient warfare

Back 2

used flame throwers, but the WWI model had compressed straight flame.

Front 3

Pilot light

Back 3

came eventually and made it where did not have to constantly ignite it

Front 4

Flame thrower operators

Back 4

typically targeted by snipers

Front 5

Bunker fighting

Back 5

flames could reach other areas

Front 6

May 1915

Back 6

French and Britain assaulted at Artois; French had 200,000 shells for guns

Front 7

Lens and Aras

Back 7

Folsh leads assault with heavy French casualties; Germans managed to close gap

Front 8

Petain

Back 8

was established at Aras

Front 9

Chantilly, France

Back 9

planned conference between the Allied powers in order to coordinate efforts and bring a quick end to the war through communication

Front 10

Britain and French Munitions Ministers

Back 10

met to coordinate efforts; both short on bullets; never planned for this; trade union rules restricted their efforts

Front 11

In result

Back 11

creation of a Minister of Munitions Lloyd George named; and larger caliber guns are created

Front 12

German press

Back 12

they did not have a free press and thus always claimed that they had better weapons

Front 13

Other presses

Back 13

free press where members criticized the development of weapons.

Front 14

Tanks

Back 14

changed the battlefield

Front 15

Germans

Back 15

found the importance of tanks and founded them in 1939

Front 16

Britain

Back 16

slow to react to changes (remember Haig and his comment that no gun could match the brilliance of the cavalry).

Front 17

End of 1916

Back 17

ammunition finally reached sufficient production, but there was still a problem with fuses

Front 18

September 1915

Back 18

offenses continue at Champagne and Artois

Front 19

French

Back 19

reorganizing

Front 20

In 1915

Back 20

Britain appeared with “New Army” aka. Kitchener’s Army

Front 21

Kitchener’s Army

Back 21

British new army, made up of volunteers

Front 22

“Race to the colors”

Back 22

the slang given to the vast volunteerism that occurred with the outbreak of war; soon these individuals become cynical and morale lowers for soldiers and civilians

Front 23

Pals battalions

Back 23

every male from one town enlist to serve together; cause whole towns of men to die together, raising football teams

Front 24

Stock Brokers Battalion

Back 24

one of the first Pals Battalions

Front 25

Lord Durby

Back 25

captain of many of these pals battalions

Front 26

Somme

Back 26

cost the “pals” dearly

Front 27

Britain

Back 27

while others conscripted, Britain relied on volunteers

Front 28

January 1916

Back 28

conscription ends

Front 29

As he Britain army grew

Back 29

they began taking over areas for French

Front 30

Mid 1915

Back 30

British are at Somme to relieve Petain

Front 31

BEF

Back 31

controlled from Ypres to Somme

Front 32

Champagne

Back 32

offensive launched by the French at the same time as the British launched at Artois; Allies lose 142,000 while Germans lose 141,000

Front 33

New leaders rise

Back 33

as length of war becomes evident, it is also evident that leadership changes must occur

Front 34

Haig

Back 34

replaces John French over the British movement

Front 35

Kiegel

Back 35

appointed to by the Chief of Staff by Haig although he had never seen the war

Front 36

Pershing

Back 36

also became problematic when the U.S. entered the war; had not seen the war

Front 37

1915

Back 37

turning point of sorts; people being replaced and different attitude emerges

Front 38

Countries come together

Back 38

finally realized that there had to be a way found to end the war; it took so long because everyone figured that one more offensive could end it all (lasting notion)

Front 39

Grand duke Nicholas

Back 39

Chief of Staff for the Russian forces; appointed by Nicholas II (his cousin)

Front 40

Eastern Front by Mid 1915

Back 40

900 miles long from the Baltic to the Black Sea; Russia is expelled from Poland and becomes a MINOR (very minor) threat after Tannenberg

Front 41

Falkenhayn

Back 41

thought Germans could hold the West so he determined to move troops to the East

Front 42

Conrad

Back 42

Austrian military leader; proposed to assault Russia in mid-1915 in selected areas between the Vistula and Carpathians (Hungary)

Front 43

Ypres

Back 43

gas attack on 2 May; occurred with 4 hour bombardment my Germany with gas

Front 44

Russia

Back 44

unprepared for gas attacks; surprised; whole Russian line destroyed

Front 45

14 May

Back 45

German reached San River on the Russian front (present-day Ukraine) and have a 80 mile breakthrough (sounds good, but front so vast that it made little to no difference)

Front 46

Falkenhayn

Back 46

believed that when they passed the San River they would win (WRONG)

Front 47

Conrad and Falkenhayn

Back 47

disagreement over where the Germans should sent their troops (Italy or Russian front)

Front 48

Falkenhayn

Back 48

started taking troops from west and moving them East, made little difference; trying to hurry offensive by putting all kinds at the front,

Front 49

Russia

Back 49

rebuilding, but also having uprisings; patriotism changed to blaming the Tsar for the war; no more “fight for Mother Russia”----would change back with Second World War

Front 50

22 June

Back 50

Mackenson gets Lemberg

Front 51

Mackenson

Back 51

national hero of Germany in WWI; did not get into politics and thus did not get mingled with the Nazis

Front 52

Ludendorff

Back 52

eventually had a falling out with Hitler himself.

Front 53

Lemberg

Back 53

bulge there; there was an order to strike toward Prussia; close in the Russian bulge and destroy the troops encircled

Front 54

Ludendorff

Back 54

wanted a larger offensive

Front 55

Russians

Back 55

able to escape the Warsaw Bulge; Germans argue about who is at fault for the escape

Front 56

Warsaw Bulge

Back 56

the Russian extended bulge at Lemberg

Front 57

Russian Poland

Back 57

now completely under German occupation

Front 58

750,000

Back 58

the number of Russian prisoners Germany had in mid-August

Front 59

1 million

Back 59

the number of casualties inflicted by Germany in 1915

Front 60

Bulgaria

Back 60

jumps in to help Austria against Serbia after seeing the many victories made on Eastern Front

Front 61

German troops are sent

Back 61

to Italy and Serbia

Front 62

Mackenson

Back 62

is sent to Serbia to help Austria Hungary

Front 63

By September

Back 63

the Russian advance comes to halt from Rega to Romania

Front 64

1916

Back 64

another year of changes

Front 65

Brusolov

Back 65

new Russian commander; would advance 35 to 40 mi Into German and A/H line

Front 66

Romania

Back 66

joins the Allies

Front 67

Allies

Back 67

are still not coordinated; bidding against each other for supplies

Front 68

December 1915

Back 68

First Allied military conference where they decided to launch simultaneous offensives on the West, East, and Italian fronts

Front 69

Alps

Back 69

road block on the Isonzo (Italian) front; made the Italians no threat to Austria Hungary; Vienna safe

Front 70

Joffre’s philosophy

Back 70

focus only on the West with only minor distractions in Gallipoli

Front 71

Britain and France

Back 71

all concentrate on West