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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fulgencio Batista
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Cuban Dictator, 1934-1959
U.S.--backed U.S. business dominates economy Strong ties to mafia—Havana “The Latin Las Vegas” |
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Fidel Castro, 1926
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Jesuit educated lawyer-activist
1953: Arrested for attack on army barracks 1955: Released. 1956-59: wages guerrilla war against Batista He and Cuban Communist Party rule Cuba to the present |
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Che Guevara
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Argentine doctor-revolutionary
In Mexico joins Castro and 78 others aboard the Granma to sail for Cuba with goal of overthrowing Batista (1956) Only 12 survive to find cover in Sierra Maestra and organize guerrilla movement Movement of “los barbudos” (the bearded ones) grows and Batista flees, Jan. 1, 1959. Legendary guerrilla fighter—romantic image Post-revolution signed death warrants of many political prisoners Murdered in Bolivia, 1967 |
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Ho Chi Minh
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1930: Founder of Vietnamese Communist Party
1941: Founder of the Viet Minh (League for Vietnamese Independence). Communist-led but recruits widely Leads uprising against France and Japanese during World War II Declares independence on Sept. 2, 1945. American officers attend ceremony |
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Harry S. Truman
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April/1945-Jan./1953
Truman Doctrine – Global “Containment” of Communism Supports French in their war against the Viet Minh (’46-’54) |
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower
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1953-1961
1954: Sends CIA and U.S. military to “save” Vietnam from Communism Backs Ngo Dinh Diem to rule “South Vietnam” |
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President John F. Kennedy
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1961-1963
Raises U.S. military in Vietnam from 700 to 15,000 Deceives public about “advisory” role of U.S. military Authorizes overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem |
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Viet Cong
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pro-Communist guerrillas of South Vietnam.
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North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
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call themselves the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)
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ARVN
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The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnamese military trained and financed by the U.S.)
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Geneva Accords, 1954
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Big powers, including USSR and China, push Viet Minh to accept temporary division of Vietnam
Fear U.S. intervention Nationwide election promised for 1956 US/Diem cancel elections |
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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President of South Vietnam, ’54-’63
Would not have been ruler without massive U.S. support “Sink of swim with Ngo Dinh Diem” U.S. backed coup kills Diem in 1963 |
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Thich Quang Duc
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Self-immolation
June 11, 1963 Photo an international symbol of opposition to U.S. policy in VN “Let them burn” says Diem’s sister-in-law, Madame Nhu |
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Lyndon Baines Johnson
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LBJ sworn in as president on Air Force One flying back to D.C. from Dallas.
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Great Society Programs
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Medicare Medicaid Job Corps Head Start VISTA Food Stamp program expanded Immigration Reform Act National Endowment for the Humanities and the Arts Public Broadcasting System Housing Act (aide for public housing) Student loan programs Clean Air and Water Acts |
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LBJ, Johns Hopkins University, April 7,1965
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To help South Vietnam maintain independence
To prevent Communist aggression/expansion from spreading (domino theory) To maintain American credibility (our “commitments” and “pledges”) |
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William C. Westmoreland
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Commander of U.S. forces in VN, ’64-’68
LBJ brings him home to boost morale, emphasize progress Claims U.S. has reached “cross-over point” Light at end of tunnel |
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William Westmoreland
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Commander of U.S. forces in VN, ’64-’68
Describes Tet Offensive as U.S. victory Requests 200,000 more troops “Westy” is removed from VN command |
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Ben Tre
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Provincial Capital in Mekong Delta (35,000 population)
Overrun by Viet Cong regiment during Tet Offensive U.S. bombs town to drive out Viet Cong City destroyed, roughly 1000 civilians killed in air attacks U.S. officer: “It became necessary to destroy the town to save it.” |
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Walter Cronkite (CBS Anchor)
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“Most trusted man in America”
Reports from Vietnam during Tet Offensive Says war is “bloody stalemate” LBJ: “If I’ve lost Cronkite, I’ve lost Middle America.” |
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Eugene McCarthy
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Senator (Minn. Democrat)
Antiwar candidate Nearly defeats LBJ in NH primary, March Success moves Robert Kennedy to join race, March 16 |
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Robert Kennedy Killed
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June 5: RFK shot minutes after victory speech following California primary
Blow to ’60s idealism Can any real change come peacefully? Advocates of peace gunned down |
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Nixon Elected
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Republican Richard Nixon narrowly wins 1968 presidential election
Pledges to restore “law and order” Promises an “honorable end” to war: “When the strongest nation in the world can be tied down for four years in a war in Vietnam with no end in sight, then it’s time for new leadership.” |
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Students for a Democratic Society
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Founded in 1960
Port Huron Statement (1962): “Our work is guided by the sense that we may be the last generation in the experiment with living.” Multi-issue group: poverty, racism, imperialism, alienation “Participatory democracy” |
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Paul Potter, 17 April 1965 Washington Monument
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President of SDS in ‘65
Grew up believing morality and democracy were guiding principles of U.S. foreign policy—war shows this to be an illusion “The President says that we are defending freedom in Vietnam. Whose freedom? Not the freedom of the Vietnamese.” |
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Malcolm X (1925-1965)
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Malcolm Little
’46-’52 imprisoned Converts to Nation of Islam and changes “slave name” Advocates black separatism, self-help, and self-defense Black Nationalism |
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George Wallace
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Lost to John Patterson, a strident segregationist, for Gov. of Alabama in 1958: “I was outniggered by John Patterson, I’ll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again.”
“I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever” (after gubernatorial victory in 1962) 3rd Party Candidate (wins five states) Attacks “pointy headed intellectuals,” mothers on welfare “breeding children as a cash crop,” and all the left/liberal movements of the 1960s: “If any demonstrator ever lays down in front of my car, it will be the last car he will ever lay down in front of.” |
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Birmingham, Alabama
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"Bombingham”: Blacks the victims of at least 20 bombings from 1957-63
The most segregated city in America (even kids’ book with black and white rabbits playing was banned) Civil Rights demonstrations in 1963 met by police dogs and firehouses. |
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Black Panther Party For Self Defense
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Founded 1966 in Oakland, CA by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Armed patrols to prevent police brutality Call for self-defense over non-violent pacifism, black separatism over integration Black America as internal colony requiring decolonization Central target of FBI’s COINTELPRO |
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Cambodia
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Had maintained neutrality from 1954-1970 under Prince Norodom Sihanouk
Bombing destabilizes Cambodia and helps small Communist movement (Khmer Rouge) recruit followers 1970 coup by Gen. Lon Nol makes new Cambodian gov’t U.S. invades on ground in 1970 |
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My Lai Massacre, 3/16/68
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Massacre revealed after long cover-up
American unit kills 500 unarmed civilians No hostile fire Four hours, with breaks Military cover-up Is this war criminal? |
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Jackson State College
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May 14, 1970
80 Miss. Highway patrolmen fire shotguns at women’s dormitory. Two killed, nine wounded |
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Roots of 1960s and 1970s Women’s Movement
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Women in labor movement (union membership from 800,000 to 3 million from 1941 to 1952). Labor activists win Equal Pay for Equal Work Bill--1963
Civil Rights Movement—both a training ground for women activists and reminder of their own second class status Rejection of the “feminine mystique”—claim that roles of housewife and mother were the highest (and only) forms of “true” womanhood |
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Gloria Steinem
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Grew up in Toledo, Ohio in the 1930s and ’40s.
Smith College ’56 Journalist and author Founding editor of Ms. Magazine, 1972 |
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Title VII
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Women activists (including Congress-woman Martha Griffiths) pushed for inclusion of sex as category.
Actually put in bill by Chair of Rules Committee—VA segregationist Howard Smith as a tactic to kill bill. Though it would give northerners a way to vote against it without seeming like racists. |
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National Organization of Women (NOW) Founded in 1966
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“The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.”
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Women’s Liberation Movement
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Protest at 1968 “Miss America Pageant”
“Objectification” “Freedom Trash Can” (girdles, wigs, false eyelashes) Miss America is a “walking commercial,” “military death mascot,” “conformity is the key to the crown” |
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New York Radical Women: 1968 Protest of Miss America Pageant
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“The Pageant contestants epitomize the roles we are all forced to play as women. . .to compete for male approval, enslaved by ludicrous ‘beauty’ standards we ourselves are conditioned to take seriously.”
“Racism with Roses: Since its inception in 1921, the Pageant has not had one Black finalist.” |
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Wilma Rudolph, 1940-1994
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Winner of 3 Gold Medals—1960 Olympics
Childhood polio kept her from walking without a brace until age 12 TN segregated schools—Tennessee State—famous track program for women |
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Media and Women Athletes
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Routinely question whether women athletes are sufficiently “feminine” or not
“In a field of female endeavor in which the greatest stars have often been characterized by overdeveloped muscles and underdeveloped glands, Wilma Rudolph has long, lissome legs and a pert charm.” Time Magazine, 1960 |
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Title IX of Education Act, 1972
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Outlawed sexual discrimination in schools that receive federal aid. (Virtually all schools affected)
At first the implications for sport ignored, and then evaded, but eventually had profound affect on increasing participation of girls and women in school sports programs. Teams and scholarships. |
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Billie Jean King
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King—working-class CA background
Challenged elitism and sexism of prof. tennis. Led fight to end gross disparities in prize money |
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Billy Jean King and Bobby Riggs
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“Battle of the Sexes”—1973
Riggs, 55, former champion and self-described “male chauvinist pig” King, 29, defeats him in Houston Astro- dome—48 million TV viewers |
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Achievements of Women’s Movement
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Economic: now see women in virtually every kind of job and level of authority
Political: No female president, but many gains at lower elected offices Social: less rigid and confining definitions of “normal” gender roles Law: Sanctions tougher on sexual assault, abuse, and harassment |
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“Pro-Choice” v. “Pro-Life”
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Most in women’s movement advocate “reproductive rights,” including right to abortion (but extremely divisive issue)
Supreme Court sanctions in Roe V. Wade (1973) Republicans embrace “social issues,” opposing abortion, laws against prayer in school, tolerance for drugs or crime (begins to draw working-class voters who had been “New Deal” Democrats) |
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Watergate—Main Points
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Willingness to Commit Crimes to Silence Dissent and Maintain Power
Not just dirty tricks in an election year Origins of Watergate date from beginning of Nixon presidency—in effort to attack and silence political opponents (especially the antiwar movement) |
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Daniel Ellsberg
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“Hawk” turned “Dove”
Former defense analyst at RAND Insider who risked imprisonment by giving “Pentagon Papers” to NY Times Nixon orders “Plumbers” to go after Ellsberg Ellsberg |
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Chile
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Salvador Allende—socialist physician elected president in 1970
U.S. cuts aid, supports military coup. Allende overthrown and murdered. General Augusto Pinochet imposes repressive dictatorship. “I don’t see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its people.” Henry Kissinger |
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1972 Election
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Dirty Tricks—helped destroy candidacy of strongest opponent—Edmund Muskie—who dropped out
Break-in at Democratic Headquarters (Watergate) Illegal demands for corporate campaign money. “It was shakedown.” George Steinbrenner |
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The “Tapes”
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At key moment in Senate investigations, a minor official reveals that Nixon had tape-recorded Oval Office conversations
Had hoped tapes would be used by historians to document his triumphs Instead they proved his guilt Ultimately Supreme Court requires Nixon to turn over all the tapes |
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Moon Landing
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July 20, 1969--Apollo 11
Buzz Aldrin photographed by Neil Armstrong (reflected in visor) “One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” 1st of 6 times humans landed on moon |
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1973-4 Oil Embargo by Arab States
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Halt in Oil Shipments to U.S. (anger over U.S. support of Israel)
Only 12 % of U.S. supply but created long lines Gas up from 40 to 55 cents 6 % of world’s population uses 40 % of resources Will U.S. remain rich? |
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President Jimmy Carter, 1977-81
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Born-again Christian from Georgia (Gov.)
“I’ll never lie to you.” Energy crisis Inflation Hostage Crisis Sense of American Decline—blamed on Carter |
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Iraqi Drone
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Before war Air Force intelligence concludes they cannot be used for dispensing bio or chemical weapons Bush admin. claimed they might even attack US. |
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Moon Landing
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July 20, 1969--Apollo 11
Buzz Aldrin photographed by Neil Armstrong (reflected in visor) “One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” 1st of 6 times humans landed on moon |
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1973-4 Oil Embargo by Arab States
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Halt in Oil Shipments to U.S. (anger over U.S. support of Israel)
Only 12 % of U.S. supply but created long lines Gas up from 40 to 55 cents 6 % of world’s population uses 40 % of resources Will U.S. remain rich? |
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President Jimmy Carter, 1977-81
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Born-again Christian from Georgia (Gov.)
“I’ll never lie to you.” Energy crisis Inflation Hostage Crisis Sense of American Decline—blamed on Carter |
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Iraqi Drone
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Before war Air Force intelligence concludes they cannot be used for dispensing bio or chemical weapons Bush admin. claimed they might even attack US. |
