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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach?
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-Behaviours are learnt from the environment -Only observable behaviour is measurable scientifically -Animals learn in the same ways as humans -We are all born as blank slates |
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Strengths of the Behaviourist Approach |
-Very scientific, highly reliable -Many useful practical application, e.g. treating phobias |
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Weaknesses of the Behaviourist Approach
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-Ignores mental processes -Too reductionist, makes behaviourists seem too simple -Ignores genetic influences |
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Classical Conditioning Researcher |
Ivan Pavlov, during the 1900s
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Classical Conditioning Flow Diagram |
Before: NS - NR US (food) -- UR (salivation) During: NS (bell) w/ US (food) -- UR (salivation) After: CS (bell) -- CR (salivation) |
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Operant Conditioning Researcher |
B.F. Skinner
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Positive Reinforcement
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Its a reward, presenting a pleasant stimulus. E.g. getting food.
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Negative Reinforcement
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Taking something unpleasant away, e.g. stopping an electrical current through the floor.
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Punishments
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Presenting something that the organism does not like, e.g. starting an electrical current through the floor. |
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Primary Reinforcements
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It's a reward which meets basic needs, e.g. food or shelter
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Secondary Reinforcements
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It's something which satisfies a basic need, e.g. getting additional pocket money
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Skinner's Box - Aim
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To demonstrate positive reinforcement & negative reinforcement using the box.
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Skinner's Box - Findings (Positive)
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When the rat was hungry after a few times it learnt to go the lever straight away and it would receive food. |
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Skinner's Box - Findings (Negative) |
Gave the an electrical current through the floor, when the lever was pull it would stop. The rat would repeat this to stop the current.
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Supporting Evidence for Conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov, investigated classical conditioning. Only used animals so the credibility is decreased. They have many different characteristics. E.g. genetic make up. |
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Opposing Evidence for Conditioning |
Cook & Mineka, raised Rhesus monkeys. They were played a video clip watching monkeys appear fearful towards stimuli. More likely to have a evolutionary basis. |
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Different Theory to Conditioning
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Social Learning Theory and the Cognitive Approach
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General Strengths of Conditioning |
-Application to real life: both types of conditioning are used in real life as treatments, e.g. phobias |
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General Weaknesses of Conditioning |
-Ethical and Practical Issues: all the studies used animals and they were exposed to stress -Thought Processes Ignored: they aren't taken into consideration as they aren't observable |
