Approaches

Front 1

what are the assumptions/basic outlines of the behaviourist approach?

Back 1

-observable and measurable behaviour

-rejects introspection

-rely on lab experiments

-basic processes same in all species

-2 types of learning : classical and operant

Front 2

describe how classical conditioning explains learning?

Back 2

-learning through association

- when a neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with an UCS (unconditioned stimulus) that produces a certain response

-the NS becomes the CS (conditioned stimulus) and produces the same response which is now the CR (conditioned response)

Front 3

describe Pavlovs research?

Back 3

-he noticed that when dogs were given food (UCS) they salivated (UCR) and he decided to show they could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell

-he trained dogs to associate the bell (NS) with the food

-therefore the bell began to produce salivation (CR)

Front 4

describe operant conditioning?

Back 4

-people operate on their environment

-3 types of consequences of behaviour:

positive reinforcement = receiving rewards for certain behaviours

negative reinforcement = when a behaviour occurs in order to avoid negative outcome

punishment = negative consequence of behaviour

Front 5

describe skinners research?

Back 5

-trained rats to do certain behaviours through reinforcement

-for example they were rewarded with pellets for pulling a lever

Front 6

evaluate the behaviourist approach?

Back 6

-scientific credibility: focus on observable behaviour in highly controlled setting- reliable, replica bale and objective

-real life application: tocan economy, gambling

-ethical issues of animal experiments

Front 7

assumptions/outline of SLT?

Back 7

-behaviour is learnt directly through conditioning but also indirectly

-we learn through imitation and observation

-takes cognitive factors into account

Front 8

describe vicarious reinforcement?

Back 8

-when we observe the consequence of anothers behaviour

-imitation then occurs if we see the behaviour being rewarded

Front 9

describe the meditational processes?

Back 9

-the focus on cognitive factors

-attention: extent we notice other behaviours

-retention: how well behaviour is remembered

-motor reproduction: ability we have to perform behaviour

motivation: the will to perform behaviour

Front 10

describe identification?

Back 10

-more like to imitate behaviour of someone we identify with

-these people are called role models

Front 11

describe Banduras research?

Back 11

-children watched and observed adults have aggressive behaviour towards the Bandura doll

-when these children then went into the room with the doll they played far more aggressively than kids who didn't watch the aggressive adults

Front 12

evaluate the social learning theory?

Back 12

-provides more comprehensive outlook on learning as it doesn't ignore the cognitive factors

-its too over reliant on lab studies(did children see demand characteristics and just respond in the way they thought was expected)

-underestimates biological factors, eg hormones

-accounts for cultural differences

Front 13

assumptions/outline of cognitive approach?

Back 13

-internal processes should be measured

-need to be studied indirectly through inferences

Front 14

describe theoretical/computer models?

Back 14

-uses the computer analogy to compare computer and minds

-eg compares coding and stores

Front 15

describe schemas and their roles?

Back 15

-mental short cuts built from experience/expectations

-act like mental framework to help respond infer incoming information

Front 16

describe emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

Back 16

-maps brain structures to specific cognitive functions

- they have advanced to fMRIS and PET scans : observe neurological basis of behaviours

-scans can also show neurological basis for disorders

-real life application : brain mapping in eye witness testimony

Front 17

evaluate the cognitive approach?

Back 17

-scientific and objective methods e.g. lab expos so reliable credible data

-machine reductionism, ignores human emotion

-applies to real life: too abstract and theoretical or they use artificial stimuli - lack external validity

Front 18

describe the function of nervous system and it 2 parts?

Back 18

-to collect, process and respond to incoming info

-coordinate working organs

-central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Front 19

describe the central nervous system?

Back 19

made up of brain and spinal chord

passes message to and from brain and connects nerves with the PNS

Front 20

describe the peripheral nervous system?

Back 20

transmits messages through neurons

subdivided into:

automantic nervous system (governs vital functions) and somantic (controls muscle movement and receives info)