Applied Veterinary Pharmacology

Front 1

5 types of available drug forms

Back 1

- oral
- parenteral
- topical
- inhalant
- intrarectal

Front 2

oral forms

Back 2

- tablet
- capsule
- liquid [mixture, elixir, emulsion]

Front 3

parenteral forms

Back 3

- injection
- implant

Front 4

topical forms

Back 4

- liniment
- ointment

Front 5

6 rights of drug administration

Back 5

1. right patient
2. right drug [chk 3x]
3. right dosage
4. right route
5. right duration
6. right documentation

Front 6

available types of syringes

Back 6

- Luer-Lock
- slip tip
- eccentric tip
- catheter tip
- tuberculin syringe [<1mL]
- insulin syringe
- multi-dose syringe

Front 7

parts of a needle

Back 7

- hub
- shaft
- bevel

Front 8

types of needles

Back 8

- bleeding needles
- biopsy needles

Front 9

techniques & routes for administering ORAL MEDS

Back 9

- piller
- hand-piling
- balling gun
- syringe
- gastric tube

Front 10

techniques & routes for adminstering PARENTERAL MEDS

Back 10

- IM
- SQ
- IV
- IO
- IC
- ID

Front 11

long-term IV therapy is best achieved with the _____ or ______ veins

Back 11

cephalic, jugular

Front 12

IV tubing must be changed after ________ hours when meds are being given continuously

Back 12

24-48

Front 13

indwelling catheter must be removed after ____ hours and _______ in a ______

Back 13

72, replaced with a new one, new location

Front 14

techniques & routes for adminstering INHALATION MEDS

Back 14

- vaporized from liquid form to gas form
- delivered via mask, endotrach tube, induction chamber

Front 15

eye drops should be placed in the _______ of affected eye[s]

Back 15

inner canthus

Front 16

eye ointment should be placed in a strip on the ______ of affected eye[s]

Back 16

lower palpebral border

Front 17

after administration, notation should be made in med record describing ____________

Back 17

when, what, how, & by whom the meds were given

Front 18

6 things the DEA requires that controlled substance documentation include

Back 18

1. date
2. owner's name
3. patient's name
4. drug
5. amount administered/dispensed
6. name of vet personnel who admin/disp the drug

Front 19

define gonadotropin

Back 19

a hormone that stimulates the ovaries/testes

Front 20

the endocrine system & the nervous system are linked via the action of the _____

Back 20

hypothalamus

Front 21

7 glands/gland sets that make up the endocrine system:

Back 21

pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testicles, pancreas, & kidneys

Front 22

exogenous hormones vs endogenous hormones

Back 22

exogenous are administered to animal, endogenous are hormones produced naturally in the body

Front 23

the pituitary gland is located at the ____ of the brain just ventral to the _____, and is connected to the brain by a ____

Back 23

base, hypothalamus, stalk

Front 24

the 2 main lobes of the pituitary gland

Back 24

anterior, posterior

Front 25

the 2 reasons hormones are administered to animals

Back 25

1. to correct a deficiency of that hormone
2. to obtain a desired effect [i.e. estrus]

Front 26

define trophic hormone

Back 26

a hormone that results in the production of a 2nd hormone in a target gland

Front 27

name 4 hormones of the anterior pituitary

Back 27

1. ACTH [adrenocorticotropic]
2. TSH [thyroid-stimulating]
3. FSH [follicle-stimulating]
4. LH [luteinizing]

Front 28

name the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary

Back 28

1. ADH [anti-diuretic]
2. oxytocin

Front 29

with negative feedback, ____ levels of a hormone are sensed by the hypothalamus which then ____ the amount

Back 29

high, reduces

Front 30

with positive feedback, ____ levels of a hormone are sensed by hypothalamus which then ____ the amount

Back 30

low, increases

Front 31

neurohormonal reflex is what & is initiated by stimulation of what:

Back 31

the release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary; the udder by a calf or the uterus in prep for birth

Front 32

respiratory system consists of ______ & ______

Back 32

lungs, passageways that carry air into & out of lungs

Front 33

upper resp tract consists of:

Back 33

- nostrils
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi

Front 34

4 functions of the respiratory system

Back 34

1. oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange
2. acid-base balance regulation
3. body temp regulation
4. voice production

Front 35

work of the resp system is divided into 4 parts:

Back 35

1. ventilation
2. distribution
3. diffusion
4. perfusion

Front 36

3 protective mechanisms of resp system

Back 36

1. sneeze
2. cough
3. reverse sneeze

Front 37

3 general goals of respiratory disease tx

Back 37

1. control of secretions
2. control of reflexes
3. maintaining normal airflow to alveoli

Front 38

secretions may be reduced by ______ their production or ______ their elimination

Back 38

decreasing, increasing

Front 39

expectorants are:

Back 39

drugs that liquefy & dilute viscous secretions thereby helping in their evacuation

Front 40

expectorants are indicated when a __________ cough is present

Back 40

productive

Front 41

mucolytics

Back 41

- decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions by altering the chemical comp of the mucus
- breaks down the mucus

Front 42

antitussives

Back 42

- drugs that inhibit/suppress coughing
- depress the cough center in the brain

Front 43

antitussives are indicated when a _________ cough is present

Back 43

nonproductive

Front 44

4 categories of bronchodilators

Back 44

1. cholinergic blockers
2. antihistamines
3. beta-2-adrenergic agonists
4. methylxanthines

Front 45

cholinergic blockers prevent the bronchoconstriction effects of ______

Back 45

acetylcholine

Front 46

decongestants

Back 46

drugs that reduce that congestion of nasal membranes by reducing swelling

Front 47

decongestants act directly or indirectly to reduce congestion through _________ of blood vessels

Back 47

vasoconstriction

Front 48

antihistamines

Back 48

- substances used to block the effects of histamines
- they prevent mast cell degranulation & block h1 receptors on smooth muscle

Front 49

clinical uses for respiratory stimulants

Back 49

- for stimulation of respiration after anesthesia
- to speed awakening & restoration of reflexes after anesthesia

Front 50

nebulization of drugs allows their delivery at _____ concentrations directly into _______ while _______ their blood levels

Back 50

high, airways, minimizing

Front 51

disadvantage of inhalant therapy:

Back 51

airway pathology can interfere w/distribution of the drug

Front 52

the 6 anatomic features of the urinary sytem

Back 52

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra

Front 53

nephron

Back 53

basic functional unit of kidney

Front 54

hematuria

Back 54

bloody urine

Front 55

4 homeostatic factors that kidneys are involved in

Back 55

1. acid-base balance
2. electrolyte concentration regulation
3. blood volume control
4. blood pressure regulation

Front 56

diuretics

Back 56

used to remove excess extracellular fluid

Front 57

diuretics remove excess fluid by _______ urine flow & Na secretion and _______ hypertension

Back 57

increasing, reducing

Front 58

5 classes of diuretics

Back 58

1. loop
2. osmotic
3. thiazide
4. K-sparing
5. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Front 59

glomerular filtrate is composed of ______ & ______ _______

Back 59

water, dissolved substances

Front 60

tubular reabsorption

Back 60

filters needed substances & returns them to the body

Front 61

name 4 reabsorbed materials [tubular reabsorption]

Back 61

1. h20
2. glucose
3. Na
4. K

Front 62

2 main effects of tubular secretion

Back 62

1. to rid the body of certain materials
2. to help control pH

Front 63

name 3 secreted substances [tubular secretion]

Back 63

1. K+
2. H+
3. ammonia

Front 64

if kidneys' functionality is decreased, _____ may not occur correctly

Back 64

erythropoiesis

Front 65

hormone secreted by healthy kidney that communicates w/bone marrow to make more RBCs

Back 65

erythropoietin

Front 66

3 characteristics of loop diuretics

Back 66

- highly potent
- inhibit tubular reabsorption of Na
- promote secretion of Cl, K, & h2o

Front 67

hypokalemia

Back 67

- low level of potassium

Front 68

clinical use for cholinergic agonists in renal dysfunction

Back 68

- used to help void the bladder by increasing the tone of the detrusor muscle

Front 69

antidote for cholinergic agonist

Back 69

atropine

Front 70

clinical use for anticholinergic drugs in renal dysfunction

Back 70

- used to treat urge incontinence by promoting retention of urine in the bladder

Front 71

clinical use of alpha-adrenergic antagonists in renal dysfunction

Back 71

- reduce internal sphincter tone when urethral sphincter is in hypertonus

Front 72

alpha-adrenergic antagonists are metabolized by the ______

Back 72

liver

Front 73

clinical use of beta-adrenergic antagonists in renal dysfunction

Back 73

- used to control mild to moderate hypertension

Front 74

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of _______ to _______

Back 74

angiotensin I, angiotensin II

Front 75

clinical use of ACE inhibitors

Back 75

- used to treat nonresponding hypertension

Front 76

ACE inhibitors are excreted by the ______

Back 76

kidneys

Front 77

ADH stands for ____ _____ and is normally secreted by the _____ _____ _____

Back 77

antidiuretic hormone, posterior pituitary gland

Front 78

clinical use of ADH

Back 78

- used to treat diabetes insipidus

Front 79

urinary acidifiers are used to assist in dissolving _____ _____

Back 79

struvite uroliths

Front 80

xanthine oxidase inhibitors are used for the dissolution of ____ ____ ____ _____

Back 80

ammonium acid urate uroliths

Front 81

urinary alkalizers may be used in management of what 2 kinds of uroliths?

Back 81

1. ammonium acid urate
2. calcium oxalate

Front 82

when upper motor neurons are affected in urinary incontinence, the result is a _____ neuropathic bladder

Back 82

spastic

Front 83

when lower motor neurons are affected in urinary incontinence, the result is an _____ neuropathic bladder

Back 83

atonic

Front 84

bradycardia

Back 84

slower than normal heart rate

Front 85

tachycardia

Back 85

faster than normal heart rate

Front 86

the ______ ventricular wall is thicker than the _____

Back 86

left, right

Front 87

systole

Back 87

period of chamber contraction

Front 88

diastole

Back 88

chamber relaxtion phase

Front 89

4 main structures that make up the cardiac conduction system

Back 89

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers

Front 90

chronotropic

Back 90

affecting the heart rate

Front 91

inotropic

Back 91

affecting the force of cardiac muscle contraction

Front 92

stroke volume

Back 92

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle w/each heart beat

Front 93

4 compensatory mechanisms of cardiovascular system

Back 93

1. increasing heart rate
2. increasing stroke volume
3. increasing heart muscle efficiency
4. physiologic heart enlargement

Front 94

5 basic objectives of tx of cardiovascular disease

Back 94

1. control rhythm disturbances
2. maintain/increase cardiac output
3. relieve fluid accumulations
4. increase oxygenation of blood
5. ancillary tx

Front 95

cardiac glycoside [digitalis]

Back 95

Digoxin

Front 96

3 clinical uses of cardiac glycosides

Back 96

1. tx of CHF
2. atrial fibrillation
3. supraventricular tachycardia

Front 97

digitalis ______ the level of Ca ions by way of inhibition of ______

Back 97

increases, Na-K-ATPase

Front 98

3 adverse side effects of digitalis

Back 98

1. vomiting
2. diarrhea
3. anorexia

Front 99

4 categories of antiarrhythmic drugs

Back 99

1. Class IA, IB, IC (lidocaine) - anorexia, v/d
2. Class II (atenolol) - bradycardia, lethargy
3. Class III (bretylium)
4. Class IV (verapamil) - hypotension, tachycardia

Front 100

angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to produce ______

Back 100

aldosterone

Front 101

vasodilator drugs act by dilating _____, ______, or _____

Back 101

arteries, veins, both

Front 102

4 vasodilator drugs & are they arteriolar, veno-, or combined dilators

Back 102

1. hydralazine [ateriolar]
2. nitroglycerin ointment [veno]
3. prazosin [combined]
4. ACE inhibitors [combined]

Front 103

3 main adverse side effects of vasodilator drugs

Back 103

1. hypotension
2. vomiting
3. diarrhea

Front 104

diuretics reduce the harmful effects of CHF by _____ _____ ______

Back 104

reducing plasma volume

Front 105

______ works rapidly to reduce pulmonary edema associated w/CHF

Back 105

furosemide [Lasix]

Front 106

loop diuretics work mainly in the _____ ___ _____

Back 106

Loop of Henle

Front 107

the 3 main diuretics used in vet med

Back 107

1. furosemide
2. thiazides
3. spironolactone

Front 108

3 adverse side effects of diuretics

Back 108

1. hypokalemia
2. hyponatremia
3. weakness

Front 109

2 primary goals of dietary management of heart disease

Back 109

1. sodium restriction
2. maintenance of good body weight & condition

Front 110

increased sodium levels lead to _____ _____ & _____ _____ _____

Back 110

water retention, increased plasma volume

Front 111

5 ancillary treatments of heart failure

Back 111

1. bronchodilators
2. o2 therapy
3. sedation
4. aspirin
5. thoraco- or abdominocentesis