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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 structural organizations of the Human Body?
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Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organs Systems Organism |
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What is the lowest level of organization in the human body?
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Chemical Level
(atoms & molecules) |
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What are the 4 kinds of tissues?
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Epithelial
Connective Muscular Nervous |
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When complex assemblies of tissues are joined together to perform a specific function, __ is the result.
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an organ
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What are the 10 individual body systems?
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Skeletal
Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Muscular Endocrine Integumentary |
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What are the two types of organs involved in the circulatory system?
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Cardiovascular & Lymphatic
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Osteology is ___.
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The study of bones
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____ is the study of joints.
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Arthrology
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1. To support & protect many soft tissues of the body
2. To allow movement through interaction with the muscles to form a system of levers is functions of what system? |
Skeletal
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1. To produce blood cells
2. To store calcium Is functions of what system? |
Skeletal
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what are the 4 functions of the Skeletal System?
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1. TO support & protect many soft tissues of the body
2. TO allow movement through interaction with the muscles to form a system of levers 3. To produce blood cells 4. To store calcium |
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1. To distribute oxygen & nutrients to the cells of the body
2. to carry cell waste & Carbon Dioxide from the cells 3. To transport water, electrolytes, hormones, & enzymes is functions of what system? |
The Circulatory Sytem
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1. To protect against disease
2. To prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots 3. To help regulate body temp Is functions of what system? |
The circulatory system
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1. To prepare food for absorption by the cells through numerous physical and chemical breakdown processes
2. to eliminate solid wastes from body is functions of what system? |
Digestive
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1. To supply oxygen to the blood and eventually to the cells
2. To eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood Is functions of what system? |
Respiratory
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1. To assist in regulating the acid-base balance of the blod
Is the function of what system? |
Respiratory
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1. To regulate the chemical composition of the blood
2. To maintain the acid-base balance of the body is the functions of what system? |
Urinary
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1. To eliminate many waste products
2. To regulate fluid and electrolyte balance & volume Is the functions of what system? |
Urinary
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___ system's function is the reproduce the organism.
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Reproductive
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___ system's function is to regulate body activities with electrical impulses that travel along various nerves.
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Nervous
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What are the 3 types of muscles?
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Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
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about ___% of the weight of the human body is accounted for by the voluntary/striated skeletal muscle.
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43%
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1. To allow movement, such as locomotion of the body or movement of substances through the alimentary canale
Is a function of what system? |
Muscular
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1. To maintain posture
2. To produce heat are functions of what system? |
Muscular
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All the ductless glands of the body are included in what system?
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Endocrine
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___ system's function is the regulate bodily activities through the various hormones carried by the cardiovascular system.
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Endocrine
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What is the largest organ of the body?
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Skin
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1. Regulates Body temp
2. Protects the body within imits, against microbial invasion, & mechanical, chemical, & Ultraviolate (UV) radiation damage Is the function of what system? |
Integumentary
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1. Eliminates waste products through perspiration
2. Receives certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure, & pain Is the function of what system? |
Integumentary
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1. Synthesizes certain vitamins & biochemical such as Vitamin D
Is the function of what system? |
Integumentary
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__ number of separate bones in the skeletal system.
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206
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The scapula is part of the axial skeleton.
a. True B. false |
b. False (appendicular)
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The skull (facial & cranium) are part of the Appendicular skeleton.
a. True b. False |
b. False (Axial)
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The Vertebral column, Sternum, & ribs are part of the axial skeleton.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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The Clavical, Scapula, & hip bones are part of the axial skeleton
a. true b. false |
b. false (appendicular)
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The Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Femur, Tibia, & Fibia are all part of the appendicular skeleton.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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____ are a small, oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons (mostly near joints.
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sesamoid bones
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What are the 4 classifications of bones?
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1. Long
2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular |
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___ types of bones are only found in the appendicular skeleton.
a. short b. long c. flat d. irregular |
b. long
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The outer shell of most bones is composed of hard/dense bone tissue called ___ or ___. (Meaning an external layer)
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Compact bone or Cortex
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What are 2 types of Short bones?
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Carpal Bones (8)
Tarsal Bones (7) |
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Short Bones consist mainly off ____ tissue with a thin outer covering of______ bone.
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Cancellous; Compact
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__ bones consist of 2 plates of compact bone with cancellous bone & marrow between them.
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Flat
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Bones that make up the skull cap (calvarium), sternum, ribs, & scapulae are examples of ___ bones.
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Flat
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The narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium is known as ___.
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Dipole
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___ bones provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
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Flat
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Bones that have peculiar shapes are lumped into one final category called ___.
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Irregular Bones
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Vertebrae, Facial bones, Bones of the base of the cranium, & bones of the pelvis are examples of ___ bones.
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Irregular
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___ bone contains red bone marrow & produces red blood cells.
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Cancellous Bone
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The ____ contains yellow marrow in adults.
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Medullary Cavity
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____- the process in which bones form, begins at about eh 6th embryonic week & continues until adulthood.
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Ossification
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Ossification begins at about the ______ & continues until _____.
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6th embryonic week; adulthood
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Red blood cells are produced by _____ of adults in certain ___, & ___ bones; and the ends of ____ bones.
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Red bone marrow: Flat & irregular: Long bones
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What are the 2 types of Bone formation?
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1. Intramembranous Ossification
2. Endochondral Ossification |
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___- Bone replaces membranes, occurs rapidly & where bones are needed for protection.
a. Intramembranous Ossification b. Endochondral Ossification c. neither |
a. Intramembranous Ossification
(Ex: sutures of flat bones of skullcap, which are centers of growth in early bone dev.) |
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___- Bone replaces cartilage, occurs much slower & in most parts of the skeleton, especially in the long bones`
a. Intramembranous Ossification b. Endochondral Ossification c. Neither |
b. Endochondral Ossification
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Endochondral Ossification:
-1st center of ossification, occurs in the midbody area, called the diaphysis & become the body in a fully dev. bone. Which is this? a. Primary Center of Ossification b. Secondary Center of Ossification |
a. Primary
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Where does Primary Center of Endochondral Ossification occur in?
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The midbody area, called the DIAPHYSIS
(This becomes the body in a fully dev. Bone) |
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What becomes the body in a fully dev. bone?
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Diaphysis
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Endochondral Ossification
___ - appears near the ends of long bones (after birth) |
Epiphysis
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Where are the Epiphyseal plates found?
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Between the Diaphysis & each Epiphysis until growth is complete (25yrs old)
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Epiphyseal fusion of the long bones is complete by what age?
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25years
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What is the outer covering of a long bone, wich is composed of a dese, fibrous membrane?
a. spongy/cancellous bone b. compact bone c. Medullary Aspect d. periosteum |
d. Periosteum
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Which aspect of long bones is responsible for the production of RBC?
a. sponcy/cancellous bone b. compact bone c. medullary aspect d. periosteum |
a. spongy/cancellous bone
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Which aspect of long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, & nutrition?
a.medullary aspect b. compact bone c. periosteum d. articular cartilage |
c. periosteum
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Identify the primary & secondary growth centers for long bones:
a. Primary growth center ______. b. Secondary growth center ____. |
Diaphysis (Body); Epiphyses
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___ is the study of joints or articulations.
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Arthrology
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What are the 2 classifications of joints?
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functional
structural |
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What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints?
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Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis |
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What are the 3 STRUCTURAL classifications of joints?
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Fibrous
Cartlidgeneous Synovial |
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Function Joints:
___ - immovable joint ___ - Freely movably joint ___ - Joint with limited movement Diarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Synarthrosis |
Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis Amphiarthrosis |
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What is an example of a Functional Synarthrosis Joint?
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Skull Suture
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What is an example of a Functional Diarthrosis Joint?
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Intermetacarpal, Intercarpal, Hip, Shoulder, & many more.
Pg 13 |
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What is an example of a Functional Amphiarthrodial Joint?
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Distal Tibiofibular, Sacroiliac, Carpal, & Tarsal Joints, Intervertebral Disks, Symphysis Pubis, & Areas around roots of Teeth, ....
Pg 13 |
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The Structural classification of joints is based on what?
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3 types of tissue that separate the ends of bones in the joints
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What are the 3 types of Structural Joints?
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial |
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__- includes syndemosis, suture, gomphosis
a. Fibrous b. Cartilaginous c. Synovial |
a. Fibrous
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__- includes symphysis, synchondrosis
a. Fibrous b. Cartilaginous c. Synovial |
b. Cartilaginous
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What are the 7 types of movement of Synovial Joints?
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Plane (gliding)
Ginglymus (hinge) Trochoid (pivot) Ellipsoid Sellar (Saddle) Spheroidal (ball & socket) Bicondylar |
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____- this type of joint slides or glides.
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Plane (gliding)
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___- This type of joint allows flexion & extension.
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Ginglymus (hinge)
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___- This type of joint allows rotation.
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Trochoid (pivot)
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___- This type of joint allows; flexion & extension, Abduction & Adduction, & Circumduction.
This joint movement occurs primarily in one plane & is combined with a slight degree of rotation at an axis at right angles to the primary plane of movement. |
Ellipsoid Joints
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____- This type of joint allows: flexion & extension, Abduction & Adduction, & Circumduction.
The ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex and are positioned opposite each other (they fit into eachother) |
Sellar (saddle)
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___- This type of joint allows: flexion & extension, Abduction & Adduction, Circumduction, & Medial & Lateral Rotation.
This joint allows the greatest freedom of motion. |
Spheroidal (ball & socket)
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___- This type of movement is primarily in one direction with some limited rotation.
They are formed by 2 convex condyles, which may be encased by a fibrous capsule. |
Bicondylar
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What is an example of the Plane (gliding) joint?
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Intermetacarpal, Intercarpal, & carpometacarpal joints, C1 on C2 vertebrae
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What is an example of the Ginglymus (hinge) joint?
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Interphalangeal joints of fingers, toes & elbow joints
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What is an example of the Trochoid (pivot) joint?
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Proximal & distal radioulnar & between C1 & C2 vertebrae
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what is an example of the Ellipsoid joint?
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2nd to 5th metacarpophalangeal & wrist joints
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What is an example of the Sellar (Saddle) joint?
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1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb), ankle, & calcaneocuboid joints.
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What is an example of the Spheroidal (ball & socket) joint?
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Hip & shoulder
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What is an example of the Bicondylar Joint?
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Knee
Temporomandibular joints |
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___- process of producing radiograph
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Radiography
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___ - what catches the image
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Image Receptor (IR)
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___- Center point of x-ray beam
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Central Ray (CR)
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The First Carpometacarpal of thumb belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
A. Synovial
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The roots around the teeth belong to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
C. Fibrous
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The proximal radiolunar joint belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
A. Synovial
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The skull sutures belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
C. Fibrous
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The Epiphyses belong to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
B. Carilaginous
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The Interphalangeal joints belong to ____.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
A. Synovial
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The distal tibiofibular joint belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
C. Fibrous
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The intervertebral Disk Space belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
B. Cartilaginous
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The symphysis pubis belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
B. Cartilaginous
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THe hip joint belongs to __.
A. Synovial B. Cartilaginous C. Fibrous |
A. Synovial
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The knee joint
a. spheroidal b. Bicondylar c. Ellipsoidal |
c. Ellipsoidal
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The wrist joint
a. Spheroidal b. Bicodylar c. Ellipsoidal |
c. Ellipsoidal
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The Ankle Joint
a. Sellar b. Spheroidal c. Ginglymus |
a. Sellar (saddle)
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The elbow joint
a. Plane b. Ginglymus c. Trochoidal |
b. Ginglymus (hinge)
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1st & 2nd vertebral joint
a.Ginglymus b. Trochoidal c. Spheroidal |
b. Trochoidal (pivot)
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Position in which the head is higher than the feet:
a. Trendelenburg b. Fowlers c. Sims |
b. Fowlers
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Lying down in any position:
a.Supine b. Fowlers c. Recumbent |
c. Recumbent
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Position in which the head is lower than the feet:
a. Trendelenburg b. sims d. Fowlers |
a. Trendelenburg
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Oblique & Lateral positions are described according to the side of the body closes to IR
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True
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Decubitus positions always use a horizontal x-ray beam
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True
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The patient is erect w/R side against IR. The x-ray beam enters the L & exits R.
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Right Lateral position
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Patient lying on L side on cart. X-ray beam directed horizontally & enters Posterior surface/exits anterior. IR against Anterior surface.
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L Lateral Decubitus (PA)
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Patient lying on back. X-ray beam directed horizontally & enters R/exits L. IR placed against L side of patient.
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Dorsal Decubitus (L Lateral)
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Patient recumbent facing IR. R side of body turned 15* toward IR.
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RAO (R Anterior Oblique)
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Patient erect W/back to IR.L side of body turned 45* towards IR.
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LPO (L Posterior Oblique)
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Body is turned 90* from a true Anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) projection.
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Lateral Position
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A projection using CR angle of 10* or more directed parallel along the long axis of the body or body part is termed ___ projection.
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Axial
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Specific position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs, w/o superimposition of the clavicles is called ____ position.
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Lordotic
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Varus describes the bending of a part outward.
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False; Bending inward (toward midline)
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What 2 types of info should be on EVERY radiographic Image?
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1. Patient ID/Date
2. Anatomic Side Markers |
