Applied Pharmacology For The Dental Hygienist: Ch. 4

Front 1

The ANS functions to ______________

Back 1

Automatically regulate body systems like cardiac, vasculature, lungs, saliva flow, etc.

Front 2

Sensory nerve fibers are also called ___________ fibers

Back 2

Afferent

Front 3

Motor nerve fibers are also called _________ fibers

Back 3

Efferent

Front 4

Nerve fibers that occur before that neuron synapses with another neuron in the ganglia are called ___________

Back 4

Preganglionic nerve fibers

Front 5

Nerve fibers that occur after the synapse

Back 5

Postganglionic nerve fibers

Front 6

The space between pre/postganglionic nerve fibers is called the ______ or _____ _______

Back 6

Synapse or synaptic cleft

Front 7

This part of the ANS exits the spine at the cranial and caudal ends of the spine

Back 7

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 8

The "main" nerve of the PNS

Back 8

Vagus nerve

Front 9

This part of the ANS exits in the thoracolumbar region of the spine

Back 9

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 10

This organ sits on the top of the kidney and also secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the circulation

Back 10

Adrenal gland

Front 11

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 11

Adrenal medulla

Front 12

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 12

Fight or flight system

Front 13

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 13

Neurotransmitters

Front 14

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 14

Acetylcholine

Front 15

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 15

Adrenal medulla

Front 16

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 16

Muscarinic

Front 17

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 17

Fight or flight system

Front 18

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 18

Cholinergic

Front 19

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 19

Neurotransmitters

Front 20

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 20

Adrenal medulla

Front 21

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 21

Adrenergic

Front 22

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 22

Acetylcholine

Front 23

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 23

Fight or flight system

Front 24

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 24

Parasympatho-

Front 25

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 25

Neurotransmitters

Front 26

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 26

Muscarinic

Front 27

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 27

Sympatho-

Front 28

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 28

Cholinergic

Front 29

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 29

Acetylcholine

Front 30

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 30

-Mimetic

Front 31

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 31

Adrenergic

Front 32

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 32

Muscarinic

Front 33

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 33

Parasympatho-

Front 34

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 34

Cholinergic

Front 35

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 35

Sympatho-

Front 36

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 36

Adrenergic

Front 37

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 37

-Mimetic

Front 38

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 38

Parasympatho-

Front 39

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 39

Sympatho-

Front 40

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 40

-Mimetic

Front 41

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 41

Adrenal medulla

Front 42

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 42

Fight or flight system

Front 43

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 43

Neurotransmitters

Front 44

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 44

Acetylcholine

Front 45

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 45

Muscarinic

Front 46

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 46

Cholinergic

Front 47

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 47

Adrenergic

Front 48

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 48

Parasympatho-

Front 49

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 49

Sympatho-

Front 50

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 50

-Mimetic

Front 51

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 51

Adrenal medulla

Front 52

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 52

Fight or flight system

Front 53

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 53

Neurotransmitters

Front 54

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 54

Acetylcholine

Front 55

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 55

Muscarinic

Front 56

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 56

Cholinergic

Front 57

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 57

Adrenergic

Front 58

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 58

Parasympatho-

Front 59

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 59

Sympatho-

Front 60

The part of the adrenal gland that contains the epi/norepinephrine

Back 60

Adrenal medulla

Front 61

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 61

-Mimetic

Front 62

A term used to describe the effects of the SNS

Back 62

Fight or flight system

Front 63

Chemicals released into the synapse that stimulate the postganglionic fiber to fire

Back 63

Neurotransmitters

Front 64

The neurotransmitter present in the ganglia of the ANS is ____________

Back 64

Acetylcholine

Front 65

Tissue that responds to muscarine is identified as _____________

Back 65

Muscarinic

Front 66

A drug that acts at the location where acetylcholine is released is termed ___________

Back 66

Cholinergic

Front 67

A drug that acts at the location where NE is released is _______________

Back 67

Adrenergic

Front 68

A drug that acts at the location where the PNS acts has the prefix ___________

Back 68

Parasympatho-

Front 69

A drug that acts where the SNS acts has the prefex ___________

Back 69

Sympatho-

Front 70

A drug that acts where the ANS acts and produces the same effect as the neurotransmitter has the suffix ___________

Back 70

-Mimetic

Front 71

A drug that acts at the location where the ANS acts but blocks the action of the neurotransmitter has the suffix ________ or ________

Back 71

-Lytic or -blocker

Front 72

The structures in the neuron terminals that contains and stores the neurotransmitter are called ____________

Back 72

Vesicles

Front 73

A nerve action potential is also called ____________

Back 73

Depolarization

Front 74

Return of a neuron to it's original electrical state after depolarization is called _______________

Back 74

Repolarization

Front 75

An enzyme that gets rid of acetylcholine

Back 75

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 76

Direct acting cholinergic agents work by _____________

Back 76

Stimulating a receptor

Front 77

Indirect acting cholinergic agents work by _____________

Back 77

Causing the release of neurotransmitter which then stimulates the receptor

Front 78

Another indirect acting Parasympathomimetic agent works by inhibiting the enzyme _______________

Back 78

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 79

Cholinergic drug effects on the heart

Back 79

Negative chronotropic and negative inotropic action (Decreased cardiac outpu, decreased BP/HR)

Front 80

florid

Back 80

adj. very fancy, usually refers to intangible objects (ie. florid speech)

Front 81

Parasympathomimetic drug effects on the eye

Back 81

Miosis only

Front 82

Toxic effects of cholinergic agents are described by this acronym

Back 82

SLUD Salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation

Front 83

Relative contraindications to cholinergic agents

Back 83

Bronchial asthma, hyperthyroidism, GI or GU tract obstruction, severe cardiac disease, myasthenia gravis treated with neostigmine and peptic ulcer disease

Front 84

A condition of the eye treated with cholinergic agents to decrease the IOP (intraocular pressure)

Back 84

Glaucoma

Front 85

A naturally occurring cholinergic agent used in the treatment of xerostomia is ________ (__________)

Back 85

Pilocarpine (Salagen)

Front 86

Indirect acting cholinergic agents called cholinesterase inhibitors. Name three

Back 86

Edrophonium, physostigmine and neostigmine

Front 87

Examples of irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors (warfare agents)

Back 87

Parathion, malathion, and sarin

Front 88

Drugs that block the muscarinic receptors and not nicotinic receptors are called ________ agents

Back 88

Muscarinic

Front 89

Tertiary anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agents

Back 89

Atropine/scopolamine

Front 90

Quaternary anticholinergic agents

Back 90

Propantheline and glycopyrrolate

Front 91

Do tertiary anticholinergics or quaternary anticholinergics cross into the brain

Back 91

tertiary agents cross

Front 92

CNS effects of anticholinergics

Back 92

Excitement or sedation depending on dosage

Front 93

Anticholinergic effects on exocrine glands

Back 93

Decreased flow and volume of secretions

Front 94

Smooth muscle effects of anticholinergics

Back 94

Bronchodilation delayed gastric emptying, decreased motility

Front 95

Anticholinergic eye effects

Back 95

Mydriasis and cycloplegia

Front 96

Anticholinergic cardiovascular effects

Back 96

Tachycardia with large doses. May get bradycardia with small doses

Front 97

Adverse reactions to anticholinergics

Back 97

Xerostomia, photophobia, blurry vision, tachycardia, fever, GU/GI stasis, delerium, hallucinations, convulsions

Front 98

Contraindications to anticholinergics

Back 98

Narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, GI or GU obstruction or retention, Cardiovascular disease

Front 99

Uses of anticholinergics

Back 99

preoperative medication to prevent heart slowing and decrease airway secretions, GI motility disorders, eye exam, reduction of parkinson-like movements, motion sickness

Front 100

Two major neurotransmitters in SNS

Back 100

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

Front 101

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly released at the terminal nerve endings in the SNS

Back 101

Norepinephrine

Front 102

What is generally released in the larger amounts from the adrenal medulla

Back 102

Epinephrine

Front 103

Dopamine receptors tend to be found in these areas

Back 103

brain, splanchnic/renal vessels

Front 104

A term given for NE, epi, dopamine, isoproterenol

Back 104

Catecholamine

Front 105

Adrenergic drugs can work in one of these three ways:

Back 105

Direct acting on receptor site.
Indirect acting by causing release of NE.
Mixed which can do both

Front 106

Name the two enzyme systems which metabolize epinephrine and NE

Back 106

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Front 107

Name three types of adrenergic receptors

Back 107

Alpha, Beta, Dopamine

Front 108

Alpha -1 receptors cause:

Back 108

Vasoconstriction

Front 109

Beta-1 receptors cause:

Back 109

Increase HR & inotropy of heart

Front 110

Beta-2 receptors cause:

Back 110

Smooth muscle relaxation (bronchodilation & vasodilation)

Front 111

Epinephrine stimulates what adrenergic receptors?

Back 111

Alpha and Beta

Front 112

NE and phenylephrine stimulate primarily what receptors

Back 112

Alpha

Front 113

Isoproterenol stimulates the ________ receptors

Back 113

Beta

Front 114

CNS effects of sympathomimetic drugs (adrenergic agents)

Back 114

Excitation, anxiety, apprehension, restlessness, and tremor

Front 115

Adrenergic drug heart effects

Back 115

Increase HR/inotropy. Effects vary somewhat by drug

Front 116

Adrenergic blood vessel responses

Back 116

Alpha causes vasoconstriction in skin/mucosa. Beta stimulation causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle

Front 117

BP response to adrenergic drugs

Back 117

Increase in BP`

Front 118

Eye effects of adrenergics

Back 118

Decrease in IOP and mydriasis

Front 119

Respiratory effects of adrenergics

Back 119

Beta-2 receptor stimulation causes bronchodilation

Front 120

Metabolic effects of adrenergics

Back 120

Hyperglycemia due to increased glyogenolysis/decreased insulin release, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis. (Increase in BMR)

Front 121

Salivary gland effects

Back 121

Submaxillary/sublingual-thick saliva. Parotid no SNS innervation but still decreased saliva production

Front 122

Adrenergic relative contraindications

Back 122

Hypertension, angina, MI history, hyperthyroidism, arrhythmias

Front 123

Uses of Adrenergic drugs

Back 123

Vasoconstriction for longer local anesthetic effect and hemostasis, decongestion, shock, bronchodilation, CNS stimulation

Front 124

A disease in which spontaneous deep sleep can occur at any time

Back 124

Narcolepsy

Front 125

Adrenergic blockers cause what vascular effect

Back 125

Vasodilation, decreased PVR, decrease BP with reflex vagal tachycardia