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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This percentage of hospitalized patients are admitted due to adverse drug reactions
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5 - 10%
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The clinically desirable actions of a drug are termed _______ effects
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Therapeutic
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The undesirable reactions to a drug are termed ______ effects
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Adverse
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OTC stands for _________
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Over-the-counter
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Adverse drug reactions can be divided into these categories
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Toxic reactions: Side effects: Idiosyncratic reaction: Drug allergy: Interference with natural defense mechanisms
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An extension of the pharmacologic effect resulting from a drug's effect on the target organs. Desired effect is excessive
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Toxic reaction
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A dose-related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome. Used interchangeably with adverse reaction
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Side Effect
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Assessing the risk of a drug against its benefits is called assessing the _____-to-_____ ratio
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Risk-to-benefit ratio
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A patient who takes a hypoglycemic agent and experiences hypoglycemia even though they took a normal dose would be said to have an ________ effect on ________tissues
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Exaggerated, target
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A greek word which means "monster producing" is the word _________
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Teratogenic
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Name the five FDA pregnancy categories from "least risky to most risky"
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A, B, C, D, X
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Name some drugs used in dentistry that are considered to be relatively safe for use in a pregnant woman
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Penicillin, erythromycin, acetaminophen, lidocaine
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Name some drugs that are contraindicated in pregnant patients
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Tetracycline, NSAIDS, benzodiazepines, and metronidazole (Flagyl)
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What age range of females should be asked about the possibility that they could be pregnant?
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11 to 63 years of age
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When is the greatest risk from exposure to drugs in the fetus?
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Before pregnancy status is known and during the first trimester
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Local reactions to injectable drugs include:
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Irritation, pain, and necrosis at the injection site
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For an allergic reaction to occur, an infested drug may be metabolized to a reactive metabolite known as a ______
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Hapten
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When a hapten combines with proteins in the body it acts as an antigen and stimulates the body to form _________
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Antibodies
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Allergic reactions mediated by IgE antibodies which can result in anaphylaxis are called ____ ____ reactions
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Type I
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An acute, life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by hypotension, laryngeal spasm, bronchospasm, and cardiac arrhythmias is called:
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Anaphylaxis
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What are some drugs used in dentistry that have caused fatal anaphylaxis
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Penicillins, ester local aneshtetics, and aspirin
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Allergic reactions that are dependent on IgG or IgM antibodies binding to complement are called _________
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Type II or (cytotoxic/cytolitic) reactions
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When antibody-antigen complexes fix complement and deposit in the vascular endothelium it is called a __________reaction
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Type III or Arthus reaction
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Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (Type IV) are mediated by sensitized ______ and _________.
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T lymphocytes and macrophages
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Anaphylactic shock is a Type ____ reaction
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I(one)
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Penicillin induced hemolytic anemia is a Type ____ reaction
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Type II (two)
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A reaction to a drug that is neither the drug's side effect nor an allergic reaction is called a _________ reaction
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Idiosyncratic reaction
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The dose of a drug that kills 50% of experimental animals is called the _________
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LD50 (median lethal dose)
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The dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect in 50% of animals is called the ________
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ED50 (median effective dose)
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The ratio of the LD50/ED50 is called the __________
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TI (therapeutic index)
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Is a narrow (small) TI more more likely to lead to toxicity of a drug or a wide (large) TI
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Narrow TI
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A TI of greater than _____ is usually needed to produce a therapeutically useful drug
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10
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