Applied Pharmacology Chp. 1

Front 1

agonist

Back 1

drug that brings about a specific action by binding w/appropriate receptor

Front 2

efficacy

Back 2

the extent to which a drug causes the intended effects

Front 3

half-life

Back 3

amount of time it takes for the quantity of the drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

Front 4

metabolism

Back 4

[biotransformation] - biochem. process that alters a drug from an active form to for that is inactive or that can be eliminated from body

Front 5

List common sources of drugs used in vet. med.

Back 5

- plants [alkaloids, glycosides]
- minerals [electrolytes, iron]
- bacteria & molds
- labs

Front 6

basic principles of pharmacotherapeutics

Back 6

- vet chooses tx plan
- drug is chosen
- regimen is chosen
- drug is administered

Front 7

drug regimen

Back 7

- plan for administering drug to patient
- route
- dosage
- frequency
- duration

Front 8

diff b/t prescription drug & OTC drug

Back 8

Rx: drug that has potential toxic fx or must be admin by trained prof.
OTC: drugs that do not have enough potential to be toxic or do not req special admin.

Front 9

events that occur after drug is administered

Back 9

- after administration, drug is distributed to various fluids & tissues in body
- it must accumulate in the fluid/tissue at req. concentration to be effective
- body immediately begins to break down the drug & excrete it

Front 10

list routes of administration

Back 10

- oral
- parenteral
- inhalation
- topical

Front 11

describe routes of administration [oral]

Back 11

- placed in mouth or via a tube
- not absorbed as quickly as drugs given by injection
- longer-lasting effect than injected drugs
- not suitable for v/d patients

Front 12

describe routes of administration [parenteral]

Back 12

- given by injection
- faster onset of action than oral
- 10 routes:
IV, IM, SQ, ID, IP, IA, Intraarticular, Intracardiac, Intramedullary, Epidural

Front 13

describe routes of administration [inhalation]

Back 13

- delivered in inspired air by converting liquid to gas

Front 14

describe routes of administration [topical]

Back 14

- placed on skin or mm
- drugs are absorbed more slowly through skin than other body membranes

Front 15

define biotransformation

Back 15

- metabolism
- body's ability to change a drug chemically into a form that can be eliminated from body

Front 16

most biotransformation takes places in the ________

Back 16

liver

Front 17

list 4 common chem rx involved in biotransformaiton

Back 17

1- oxidation [loss of electrons]
2- reduction [gain of electrons]
3- hydrolysis [splititng of drug molecule w/addition of h2o molecule]
4- conjugation [add. of glucuronic acid]

Front 18

list 6 routes of drug excretion

Back 18

- liver
- kidneys [urine]
- lungs
- GI tract
- skin
- sweat glands

Front 19

pharmacodynamics

Back 19

study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body

Front 20

affinity

Back 20

tendency of a drug to combine w/a receptor

Front 21

efficacy

Back 21

extent to which a drug causes the intended fx in a patient

Front 22

antagonist

Back 22

drug that blocks another drug from combining w/receptor

Front 23

discuss in basic terms how drugs produce their fx on body

Back 23

- drug molecules combine w/components of a cell membrane or internal components to cause alterations in cell function
- the combining of a drug w/its receptor causes a particular action which causes a part. effect.

Front 24

Therapeutic Index calculation

Back 24

therapeutic index = LD50/ED50
LD50: dose that's lethal to 50% of patients
ED50: dose that produces desired effect in 50%

Front 25

the 3 clinically important drug interactions

Back 25

1- pharmacokinetic
2- pharmacodynamic
3- pharmaceutic

Front 26

pharmacokinetic drug interaction

Back 26

plasma/tissue levels of a drug are altered by presence of another

Front 27

pharmacodynamic drug interaction

Back 27

action/effect of one drug is altered by another

Front 28

pharmaceutic drug interaction

Back 28

physical/chemical rx occur as result of mixing drugs in syringe or other container

Front 29

6 different names that a drug can be given

Back 29

1- Chemical [molecular struc. of drug]
2- Code [CL-581]
3- Compedial [ketamine]
4- Official [ketamine]
5- Trade [Ketaset]
6- Generic [ketamine]

Front 30

6 items that should be included on a drug label

Back 30

1- drug names [generic & trade]
2- drug concentration & quantity
3- name/address of manufacturer
4- controlled substance status
5- manuf. control/lot #
6- drug expiration date

Front 31

6 steps involved in gaining approval for new drug

Back 31

1- preliminary trials
2- preclinical trials
3- clinical trials
4- submission of New Animal Drug application
5- final review by FDA
6- product monitoring

Front 32

the 3 gov't agencies involved in regulation of animal health products

Back 32

FDA
EPA
UDSA

Front 33

reasons for dispensing rather than prescribing drugs in vet. med.

Back 33

- clinic/dvm makes $
- human pharm might not have med in stock

Front 34

primary methods of drug marketing

Back 34

- direct from manufacturer via telephone, sales rep, mail
- via distributor
- internet pharmacies

Front 35

compounding

Back 35

any manipulation performed to produce a dosage-form drug