Applied Dental Materials 1 Lecture 1 (Bonding 1)

Front 1

True or false, resin composites can be placed directly into the lesion?

Back 1

False, you first need an adhesive resin (note: Dr. Khajotia said there are some new composites that eliminate the adhesive step and combine everything into one material)

Front 2

What term means "to arrange in a pattern that gives strength, to connect or fasten together"?

Back 2

bonding

Front 3

What term means "the force causing two similar materials to attach to one another when brought into intimate contact"?

Back 3

cohesion

Front 4

What term means "the force causing two dissimilar materials to attach"?

Back 4

adhesion

Front 5

What common dental material expresses cohesion?

Back 5

gold

Front 6

Physisorption involves (primary/secondary) bonds

Back 6

secondary

Front 7

Chemisorption involves (primary/secondary) bonds

Back 7

primary

Front 8

What is used to "fill the gap" between two surfaces?

Back 8

adhesive

Front 9

What is the name for the 'surface to be bonded'?

Back 9

adherend

Front 10

Adhesives are typically in the (solid/liquid/gas) form

Back 10

liquid

Front 11

What is the term for the "poorly adherent layer of ground dentin produced by cutting dentin"?

Back 11

smear layer

Front 12

What is the term for "an acidic agent that dissolves inorganic dentin components, creating a collagen network that permits infiltration by an adhesive resin"?

Also, what is this process commonly refereed to as?

Back 12

Dentin conditioner; acid-etching

Front 13

Primers are typically hydro(philic/phobic) and (high/low) viscosity

Back 13

hydrophilic; low

Front 14

What is the term for a "hydrophilic, low viscosity resin that promotes bonding to dentin"?

Back 14

primer

Front 15

What is the term for "an intermediate layer of primer, adhesive resin, collagen and dentin produced by acid etching of dentin and resin infiltration into conditioned dentin"?

Back 15

hybrid layer

Front 16

Which of the followngi is NOT an advantage of bonding agents? (may be more than 1)

1. bond resins to tooth structure
2. increase resin polymerization shrinkage
3. maximize marginal gap formation and subsequent microleakage
4. conservation of tooth tissue
5. reinforcement of weakened tooth structure

Back 16

2 and 3 are NOT advantages.
Should be:
2. DECREASE resin polymerization shrinkage
3. MINIMIZES marginal gap formation and subsequent microleakage

Front 17

True or False, dental bonding agents are technique sensitive

Back 17

True, and this is considered a disadvantage

Front 18

Dental bonding agents are (chemically/mechanically) bonded to the tooth

Back 18

mechanically [micro-mechanically]. This is a disadvantage because a chemical bond is actually stronger

Front 19

What does the oxygen in bleaching agents do to bonding agents?

Back 19

inhibits their polymerization

Front 20

True or False, dental bonding agents are usually unaffected by saliva and other things in the oral cavity

Back 20

False!

Front 21

An ideal adhesive should have (high/low) bond strength to enamel and dentin

Back 21

high

Front 22

An ideal adhesive should form an immediate and (temporary/durable) bond

Back 22

durable

Front 23

An ideal adhesive should (allow/prevent) the ingress of bacteria

Back 23

prevent

Front 24

An ideal adhesive should be (safe/risky) to use.

Back 24

safe

Front 25

An ideal adhesive should be (complex/simple) to use.

Back 25

simple

Front 26

An ideal adhesive should be able to bond to (restorative/acidic) materials. [Give an example of 3 such materials]

Back 26

restorative [metals, polymers, ceramics]

Front 27

Acid-etching allows for (chemically/mechanically) attaching resin to (inorganic/organic) component of enamel.

Back 27

mechanically; inorganic

Front 28

Acid-etching penetrates the tooth structure and/or the ___ layer to allow flow of resin into (dentin/enamel) rods

Back 28

smear; enamel

Front 29

True or False, acid-etching not only allows an area for the resin to bond, but it also clears the area of adherent proteins, pellicle and debris.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Acid-etching (increases/decreases) the surface of roughness of enamel and the available area to bond

Back 30

increases

Front 31

An ideal adhesive should have (high/low) bond strength to enamel and dentin

Back 31

high

Front 32

An ideal adhesive should form an immediate and (temporary/durable) bond

Back 32

durable

Front 33

An ideal adhesive should (allow/prevent) the ingress of bacteria

Back 33

prevent

Front 34

An ideal adhesive should be (safe/risky) to use.

Back 34

safe

Front 35

An ideal adhesive should be (complex/simple) to use.

Back 35

simple

Front 36

An ideal adhesive should be able to bond to (restorative/acidic) materials. [Give an example of 3 such materials]

Back 36

restorative [metals, polymers, ceramics]

Front 37

Acid-etching allows for (chemically/mechanically) attaching resin to (inorganic/organic) component of enamel.

Back 37

mechanically; inorganic

Front 38

Acid-etching penetrates the tooth structure and/or the ___ layer to allow flow of resin into (dentin/enamel) rods

Back 38

smear; enamel

Front 39

True or False, acid-etching not only allows an area for the resin to bond, but it also clears the area of adherent proteins, pellicle and debris.

Back 39

True

Front 40

Acid-etching (increases/decreases) the surface of roughness of enamel and the available area to bond

Back 40

increases

Front 41

Acid-etching (increases/decreases) surface energy by (2 times/4 times/10 times) enabling better wetting by bonding adhesive

Back 41

increases; 2 times

Front 42

Acid-etching is more effective against enamel rods that are cut (parallel/perpendicular) to the tooth surface

Back 42

parallel

Front 43

Describe the general appearance of the area being etched with acid etching.

Back 43

white and chalky (AFTER being etched, washed, and dried)

Front 44

The most common concentration of phosphoric acid etching is what %?

Back 44

30-50% (37% is most common)

Front 45

What are 3 types of acid etching other than phosphoric acid?

Back 45

nitric acid, citric acid, maleic acid

Front 46

Depending on the etchant used, you can have type 1, 2 or 3. What do each of these describe?

Back 46

Type 1 - preferential dissolution of center of enamel rods
Type 2 - preferential dissolution of peripheral area of rods
Type 3 - combo of type 1 and 2

Front 47

True or False, they used to etch dentin, but we no longer do this

Back 47

False, it's the opposite. The used to NOT etch dentin, and now we do!

Front 48

Enamel bonding agents (NOT dentin bonding agents!) are composed of combinations of (filled/unfilled), (low/high) viscosity dimethacrylates [ex: bisGMA and/or TEGDMA] that were hydro(philic/phobic) in nature.

Back 48

unfilled; low; hydrophobic

Front 49

How deep are resin tags in enamel bonding agents?

Back 49

10-20 micrometers

Front 50

What type of bonding is exhibited by enamel bonding agents?

Back 50

micromechanical bonding

Front 51

The basic concept of bonding to a tooth structure can be defined by the following:

M-R-X

What does the M, R and X stand for?

Back 51

M = a methacrylate group capable of bonding to overlying restorative resin
R = spacer
X = functional group designed to react with organic or inorganic portion of tooth

Front 52

What is the term for a "bond formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from two or more atoms to a metal ion, forming a ring coordination complex"?

Back 52

Chelation bonding

Front 53

Why is collagen difficult to bind to?

Back 53

It contains very few bondable amino acids

Front 54

gluteraldehyde and HEMA are used to graft a methacrylate group to what?

Back 54

collagen

Front 55

GLUMA is a combined acronym for what two substances?

Back 55

gluteraldehyde and HEMA

Front 56

Atoms at the surface of the adherend have a (higher/lower) energy state than those within the bulk of the material

Back 56

higher

Front 57

Where does the term Surface Energy come from?

Back 57

The fact that atoms on the surface of an object have higher energy than those in the bulk of the object

Front 58

True or False, atoms at the surface of a solid have a higher energy than the bulk, but in a liquid, it's the opposite.

Back 58

FALSE! Both solids and liquids have a higher energy state on the surface atoms

Front 59

What causes Surface Tension?

Back 59

The fact that the atoms on the surface of a liquid have a higher energy state than those in the bulk of the liquid

Front 60

What is the term used to say that the adhesive must "cover" the adherend?

Back 60

wet

Front 61

If the surface energy of the solid is (less/more) than the surface tension of the adhesive, then the adhesive will NOT wet the surface solid

Back 61

less (in other words, for bonding to occur, the surface energy of the solid must be higher than the surface tension of the liquid being bonded to it)

Front 62

What is the term for the "measure of affinity of a liquid for a solid"?

Back 62

wettability

Front 63

What measurement is used to determine wettability?

Back 63

contact angle

Front 64

You will have GOOD adhesion with a (low/high) contact angle

Back 64

low (low contact angle means the liquid is more spread out on the surface than a high contact angle) [see slide 1, page 7]

Front 65

Which of the following describe a high contact angle? (pick 2)

1. surface tension > surface energy
2. surface tension < surface energy
3. Poor adhesion
4. Good adhesion

Back 65

1 and 3. A high contact angle means the liquid does NOT want to adhere (3) and this, it's surface tension is too high and wants to stay together and not spread out (1)

Front 66

True or False, enamel and dentin have higher surface energy AFTER they have been etched

Back 66

True, if this was false, we wouldn't need to etch it! Etching gives us a BETTER bond.

Front 67

True or False, retained proteins, film, smear layer, saliva, oxides, etc. have no effect on the surface energy of the adherend.

Back 67

False, it LOWERS surface energy making bonding LESS effective

Front 68

What is the typical minimum retentive strength of etched enamel to bonding resin? (give in MPa and psi)

Back 68

20 MPa
2,900 psi

(note: 1 MPa = 145 psi)

Front 69

What is the range of bond strengths that have been obtained on dentin? (give in MPa)

Back 69

15-25 MPa

Front 70

True or False, bonding to deep dentin is much more difficult that bonding to surface dentin

Back 70

True, deeper is more difficult

Front 71

Which has a higher % of water, dentin or enamel?

Back 71

dentin (22% compared to 6% by volume)

Front 72

Enamel is mostly (organic/inorganic/water)

Back 72

inorganic (92% by volume)

Front 73

True or False, dentin is mostly inorganic, although it has 16x the amount of organic substance than enamel

Back 73

True! (enamel is 2% organic and dentin is 33% organic by volume)

Dentin: 33% O, 45% InO, 22% water

Front 74

What are the typical range of forces of polymerization shrinkage? (give in MPa and psi)

Back 74

10-17 MPa
1,500-2,500 psi

Front 75

The C-factor, an abbreviation for ____ factor, should be as (high/low) as possible

Back 75

Configuration, low

Front 76

The C-factor, or Configuration factor, is a ratio of what?

Back 76

bonded to unbonded surface areas

Front 77

What is the C-factor if the bonded area is 12 and the unbonded area is 4?

Back 77

3 (12/4=3)

Front 78

Rank these C-factor ratings in order of potential leakage from LOW to HIGH.

3
6
4

Back 78

3, 4, 6

(low c-factor = low leakage potential. remember, c-factor = bonded area/unbonded area)