Applied Anatomy - Lecture 1

Front 1

NERVES OF THE THORACIC LIMB

Back 1

SUPRASCAPULAR
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS
AXILLARY
RADIAL
MEDIAN
ULNAR

Front 2

DAMAGE TO THE SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE

Back 2

- Little change in gait
- Rapid atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.
- PROMINENCE OF SCAPULAR SPINE

Front 3

DAMAGE TO THE MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

Back 3

- Paralysis of biceps brachii and brachialis muscles
- Trouble flexing elbow
- Anesthesia to medial antebrachium

Front 4

DAMAGE TO THE AXILLARY NERVE

Back 4

- Paralysis of flexors: deltoid, teres major and minor
- Little change in flexion - lat dorsi and triceps compensate
- Small area of anesthesia caudal to shoulder and lateral side: CRANIAL LATERAL CUTANEOUS BRACHIAL NERVE

Front 5

DAMAGE TO THE RADIAL NERVE (proximal to the branches of the triceps)

Back 5

- Limb will support no weight
- Extensors of all joints are paralyzed
- Limb carried in a flexed position
- Foot knuckles
- Often results from fracture of distal humerus
- Pain and swelling - difficult to assess motor fx. Use dorsal manus autonomous zone

Front 6

AVULSION OF ALL ROOTS FROM C6 to T2

Back 6

- Results from severe retraction and abduction of limb caudally along trunk
- Ventral branches form brachial plexus
- Complete paralysis with fully extended thoracic limb
- Auto accidents
- Analgesia distal to elbow

Front 7

AVULSION OF ROOTS C2-T2

Back 7

- Limb carried in flexed position
- Suprascapular, musculocutaneous and axillary nerves are functional

Front 8

DAMAGE TO RADIAL NERVE DISTAL TO THE TRICEPS

Back 8

- Animal soon learns to compensate for loss of extensor function in carpus and digits by flapping the foot forward
- Lands on pads
- Gait restored to normal appearance
- Superficial branch: Loss of sensation on distal cranial and lateral surfaces of antebrachium (exillary overlaps)
- Loss of sensation on dorsal aspect of manus (more reliable)

Front 9

DAMAGE TO THE MEDIAN NERVE

Back 9

- Little change in gait
- Hyperextension of carpus and metacarpophalangeal joints
- Claws raised off the ground
- Foot spreads - larger track
- When paw dragged back in sternal recumbancy, claws do not dig in
- Trouble digging - flexor paralysis
- Sensory function og palmar surface overlaps with ulnar. No deficit unless both are severed
- Communicating branch of musculocutaneous to the median must also be severed

Front 10

DAMAGE TO THE ULNAR NERVE

Back 10

- No change in gait or digging function
- Slight spreading of digits
- Anesthesia in caudal antebracial region and lateral surface of fifth digit

Front 11

FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA

Back 11

- Spine
- Acromion (In cats: Hamate and suprahamate process)
- Scapular Notch
- Caudal Angle
- Neck
- Glenoid Cavity
- Supraglenoid tubercle (point of origin of the biceps)

Front 12

FEATURES OF THE HUMERUS

Back 12

- Head
- Neck
- Major TUBERCLE (Attchmnt of supra and infraspinatus)
- Minor tubercle
- Intertubercular groove ( biceps tendon)
- Shaft with spiral groove for brachialis
- Supracondylar foramen (brachial a and median nerve in cat)
- Condyle
- Coronoid fossa
- Lateral Epicondyle
- Medial Epicondyle

Front 13

SUPRACONDYLAR FORAMEN IN THE CAT

Back 13

Contains the brachial artery and the median nerve

Front 14

SUPRATROCHLEAR FORAMEN

Back 14

Present only in dogs (radial and olecranon fossas meet)

Front 15

HOW MANY CONDYLES DOES THE HUMERUS HAVE?

Back 15

One condyle

Front 16

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION - CORRESPONDING SEGMENTS OF BONES

Back 16

- EPIPHYSIS: Secondary center
- Epiphyseal cartilage (physis - growth plate)
METAPHYSIS: Zone of transformation of calcified cartilage to spongy bone at the end of the diaphysis
- When growth ceases, this radiolucent zone disappears. Epiphysis unites with the shaft. Blood vessels within diaphysis unite with epiphysis (CLOSURE OF GROWTH PLATE)