Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 1

-second division of the skeleton
-consists of all bones of the upper & lower extremities,the shoulder & pelvic girdles
-126 bones in adults

Front 2

Shoulder Girdles
(Appendicular Skeleton)

Back 2

Clavicles - 2 bones

Scapula (scapulae) - 2 bones

Front 3

Upper Limbs

Back 3

Humerus (humeri) 2 bones
Ulna (ulnae) 2 bones
Radius(radii) - 2 bones
Carpals - 16 bones
Metacarpals - 10 bones
Phalanges(finger) 28 bones

Front 4

Pelvic girdle

Back 4

Hip bones - 2

Front 5

Lower limbs

Back 5

Femur (Femora) - 2 bones
Tibias - 2
Fibula (fibulae) - 2
Patellapatellae)sesamoid
bone - 2
Tarsals - 14 bones
Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges - toes 28 bones

Front 6

Sesamoid bones

Back 6

are a special type of small, oval-shaped bone found in the tendons (mostly near joints. 2 patellae largest sesamoid & sasamoid bones on the posterior base of first toe.

Front 7

What are the classification of bones?

Back 7

*Long Bones
*Short Bones
*Flat Bones
*Irregular bones

Front 8

Long Bones

Back 8

*consist of a body & 2 ends or extremities.
*long bones are found only in the appendicular skeleton
ex. humerus, radius, femur.

Front 9

Compact Bone (Cortex)

Back 9

the outer shell of most bones is composed of hard or dense bone tissue or cortex meaning an external layer.

Front 10

Body (Shaft)

Back 10

contains a thicker layer of compact bone than the ends to help resist the stress of the weight placed on tem

Front 11

Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

Back 11

*highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow
*responsible for the production of red blood cells.

Front 12

Medullary cavity

Back 12

*the body of a long bone is hollow
*hollow cavity contains fatty yellow marrow

Front 13

Periosteum

Back 13

*a dense fibrous membrane w/c covers bone except ate the articulating surfaces
* is essential for bone growth, repair & nutrition.

Front 14

Hyaline

Back 14

glassy or clear is a common type of cartilage or connecting tissue aka "gristle"

Front 15

Short Bones

Back 15

* are roughly cuboidal & are found only in the wrists & ankles.
ex. 8 carpal bones each wrist
ex. 7 tarsal bones each foot

Front 16

Flat Bones

Back 16

* consist of 2 plates of compact bone w/cancellous bone & marrow between tem.
ex. calvarium(skull cap)
sternum, ribs, scapulae,
pelvis

Front 17

Diploe

Back 17

* narrow space between the inner & outer table of flat bones in the cranium.
* provide protection for interior contents & broad surfaces for muscle attachment.

Front 18

Irregular Bones

Back 18

bones that have peculiar shapes
ex.vertebrae, facial bones, boned of the base of the cranium & bones of the pelvis

Front 19

Ossification

Back 19

* process by w/c bones form in the body.
* the embryonic skeleton is composed of fibrous membranes & hyaline cartilage
* begins about the sixth embryonic week & continues until adulthood.

Front 20

Name 2 Bone Formation

Back 20

1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification

Front 21

Primary Centers of Endochondral Ossification

Back 21

*diaphysis growing bones
*becomes body in a fully developed bone

Front 22

Secondary Centers of Endochondral Ossification

Back 22

* epiphysis located at the ends of extremities of long bones
* epiphysis of the distal femur & proximal tibia

Front 23

Epiphyseal plates

Back 23

* are found between the diaphysis and each epiphysis until growth is complete.
* full maturity @ 25 yrs old.

Front 24

Arthrology (Joints)

Back 24

* the study of joints or articulations
* important that movement does not occur in all joints.
* joints adapted for growth rather than for movement

Front 25

Synarthrosis

Back 25

immovable joints

Front 26

Amphiarthrosis

Back 26

joint with limited movement

Front 27

Diarthrosis

Back 27

freely movable joints

Front 28

3 Types of tissue that separate the ends of bones

Back 28

1. Fibrous Joints
2. Cartilaginous Joints
3. Synovial joints

Front 29

Fibrous Joints

Back 29

- lack joint cavity
- held together by fibrous connective tissue

Front 30

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

Back 30

1. Syndesmoses
2. Sutures
3. Gomphoses

Front 31

Syndesmoses
(Fibrous Joints)

Back 31

- the only true syndesmosis joint in the body is the distal tibiofibular joint
- fibrous ligaments hold the distal tibia & fibula together at this joint
- slightly movable or amphiarthrodial

Front 32

Sutures
(Fibrous Joints)

Back 32

- are found between bones in the skull
- immovable or synarthrodial joints

Front 33

Gomphoses
(Fibrous Joints)

Back 33

- a unique type of bibrous joint
- a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion of bone
-ex. roots of the teeth & alveoli of mandible and maxillae - little movemtn

Front 34

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 34

-held tightly together by cartilage.
-joints are either synaarthrodial or amphiarthrodial

Front 35

2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Back 35

Symphyses & Synchondroses

Front 36

Symphyses
(Cartilaginous Joint)

Back 36

-the presense of a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between 2 contiguous bony surfaces.
-amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) ex. intervertebral disk(between bodies of the vertebrae) & symphysis (between the 2 pubic bones)

Front 37

Synchondroses
(Cartilaginous Joint)

Back 37

- temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage
ex. epiphyseal plate)

Front 38

Synovial Joints

Back 38

- freely movable joints, mostly upper & lower limbs
-diarthrodial (freely movable)
-synovial fluid(lubricating fluid
-hyaline articular cartilage(protetive covering)

Front 39

Movement Types of Synovial Joints

Back 39

1. Plane (gliding) joints
2. Ginglymus (hinge) joints
3. Trochoid (pivot) joints
4. Ellipsoid(condyloid) joints
5.Sellar(saddle) joints
6. Spheroid(ball & socket) joints

Front 40

1.Plane (gliding) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 40

- is a sliding/gliding motion between the articulating surfaces
ex. intermetacarpal,carpometacarpal, & intercarpal joints of the hnd & wrist. right & left lateral atlantoaxial joings between C1 & C2 vertebrae

Front 41

2.Ginglymus (hinge) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 41

- flexion & extension movements only
ex. knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints of both fingers & toes

Front 42

3. Trochoid (pivot) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 42

-rotational movements around a single axis
ex. between the first & second cervical vertebrae

Front 43

4. Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 43

-flexion & extension & abduction & adduction
-circumduction
ex. 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers, wrist joint & metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes.

Front 44

5. Sellar (saddle) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 44

- ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex & position opposite each other.
- flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction
ex. 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Front 45

6. Spheroid (ball & socket) joints
(Synovial Joints)

Back 45

-greatest freedome of motion
-flexion,extension,abduction, adduction, circumduction & medial lateral position
ex. hip joint & shoulder joint

Front 46

4 Main Groups of the upper limb bones

Back 46

1. hand & wrist
2. forearm
3. arm(humerus)
4. shoulder girdle

Front 47

4 Main Groups of the upper limb bones

Back 47

1. hand & wrist
2. forearm
3. arm(humerus)
4. shoulder girdle

Front 48

Hand & Wrist

Back 48

-ea. hands/wrist has 27 bones
divided into:
1.phalanges(fingers&thumb) 14
2.metacarpals(palm) 5
3.carpals(wrist) 8

Front 49

Hand & Wrist

Back 49

-ea. hands/wrist has 27 bones
divided into:
1.phalanges(fingers&thumb) 14
2.metacarpals(palm) 5
3.carpals(wrist) 8

Front 50

Steve Scaphoid
Left Lunate
The Triquetrum
Party Pisiform
To Trapezium
Take Trapezoid
Carol Capitate
Home Hamate

Back 50

Navicular
Semilunar
Triangular or cuneiform
(none)
Greater multangular
Lesser multangular
Os Magnum
Unciform

Front 51

Steve Scaphoid
Left Lunate
The Triquetrum
Party Pisiform
To Trapezium
Take Trapezoid
Carol Capitate
Home Hamate

Back 51

Navicular
Semilunar
Triangular or cuneiform
(none)
Greater multangular
Lesser multangular
Os Magnum
Unciform