Apparatus Safety & Operating Emergency Vehicles (Ch. 3)

Front 1

Reckless Disregard

Back 1

Act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any potential consequences of so doing. A harsher condition than ordinary negligence.

Front 2

Negligence

Back 2

Breach of duty in which a person or organization fails to perform at the standard required by law, or that would be expected by a reasonable person under similar circumstances.

Front 3

Gross Negligence

Back 3

Wanton or willful disregard.

Front 4

High Exhaust System Temperature Indicator (HEST)

Back 4

Lights when exhaust system is very hot, usually due to an active regen.

Front 5

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Indicator

Back 5

Indicates that DPF is loading up with soot.

Front 6

Select Catalyst Reductant

Back 6

Uses a separate tank filled with Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). Failure to keep the DEF tank full may derate (reduce the torque output of) the apparatus engine or limit vehicle speed. DEF tank should be topped off every time the apparatus is fueled.

Front 7

Weight Transfer/Center of Gravity

Back 7

Water tanks that are improperly baffled and partially filled with foam concentrate or water are a particular concern.

Front 8

Downhill Driving

Back 8

Engine governor cannot control engine speed downhill: the wheels turn the engine & drive shaft as gravity pulls the apparatus down the hill.

- Some jurisdictions recommend downshifting an automatic transmission to slow the vehicle.

Front 9

Adverse Weather

Back 9

May take 3-15x greater distance for a vehicle to come to a complete stop on snow & ice.

Front 10

Audible Warning Devices

Back 10

- Civilians respond better to sounds that change pitch: short horn bursts, oscillating sirens.

- At speeds above 50 mph, an emergency vehicle may outrun the effective range of audible devices.

- Increasing speed by 20 mph can decrease audible distance by 250 ft.

Front 11

Visual Lead Time

Back 11

Time needed to stop the apparatus or perform an evasive maneuver at the current rate of speed.

• Scanning ahead far enough to assure that appropriate action can be taken if it becomes necessary.

Front 12

Total Stopping Distance

Back 12

TSD = Reaction dist. + Braking dist.

Front 13

Braking & Stopping Distances

Back 13

Front 14

Two Common Skids

Back 14

1. Accelerated skid: accelerator applied too quickly.

2. Locked Wheel skid

Front 15

4 Types of Auxiliary Braking Systems

Back 15

1. Exhaust brake: least capable of the systems.

2. Engine Compression brake

3. Electromagnetic Retarders: will experience some loss of effectiveness at high temp's.

4. Transmission Retarders: can provide high braking capacity, but high trans. fluid temps can increase the load on the engine cooling system, causing the system to disengage.

Front 16

50 mph

Back 16

An emergency vehicle may outrun the effective range of audible devices at___

Front 17

20 mph

Back 17

Increasing speed by ___ will decrease audible device range by 250 ft.

Front 18

300 to 500 ft

Back 18

When more than one emergency vehicle is responding along the same route, how far apart should they be?

Front 19

Traffic Signal Preemption Device

Back 19

• Microphone on the traffic signal receives the sound of an oncoming siren & orders appropriate signal preemption.

• Activates from several hundred feet to about 1/2 mile away.

• Equipped intersections will have 3" white & blue lights mounted near regular traffic lights, facing each direction of travel.

• White light indicates approaching emergency vehicle.

• Blue lights displayed in all other directions.

Front 20

GPS Based Traffic Signal Preemption

Back 20

• Uses GPS device & radio transmitter which transmits to a receiver at the light.

• Capable of determining location, speed, & status of apparatus turn signal.

• Maintains a record database of unit identification information for record of signal use.

Front 21

36,000 lbs.

Back 21

NFPA 1901 requires that all apparatus with a GVWR of ____ have an auxiliary braking system.

Front 22

Transmission Output Retarders & Electromagnetic Retarders

Back 22

Provide the highest level of braking torque, & are unaffected by transmission gear shift.

Front 23

Amount of Retardation Force in Auxiliary Braking Systems

Back 23

Complex function of:

- Vehicle speed

- Engine speed

- Temperature

- Control strategy

Front 24

Transmission Output Retarder

Back 24

Uses viscous property of the automatic transmission fluid to retard the driveline.

Front 25

Electronic Stability Control

Back 25

• More capable than RSC

• ESC applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that the operator positions the steering wheel.

Front 26

Roll Stability Control

Back 26

• Is integrated into the ABS system.

• Includes a lateral accelerometer

• Becomes active when ABS computer senses an imminent rollover.

Front 27

Stability Safety System

Back 27

• Helps reduce vehicle instability when cornering or sudden changes in direction occur.

Front 28

5 - 10 seconds

Back 28

If apparatus oil pressure does not fall within manufacturer's recommendations w/in ____ of starting, the driver/operator should immediately stop the engine & have the lubrication checked by a mechanic.

Front 29

17

Back 29

According to the USFA, how many firefighters were killed responding to & returning from emergency incidents?

Front 30

42%

Back 30

The SAE has determined that what percentage of accidents stem from the driver's inability to recognize a dangerous situation?

Front 31

3-5 minutes.

Back 31

What is the normal idling time before an engine should be shut down when the temp. gauge indicates that the engine is overheated?

Front 32

Electromagnetic Retarder

Back 32

• Either mounted in the driveline, or supplied as an integral part of the rear axle.

• When activated, an electromagnetic field is created by supplying electrical power to a series of coils in the retarder.

• Electromagnetic field inhibits the rotation of the rotor, & creates a braking torque at the rear wheels.

Front 33

NFPA 1002

Back 33

Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications

Front 34

NFPA 1582

Back 34

Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Programs for Fire Departments.

Front 35

Improper Backing

Back 35

What is the most common cause of apparatus collisions?

Front 36

2007

Back 36

In what year did apparatus begin to be equipped with DPF?

Front 37

Break Over Angle

Back 37

Angle formed by level ground & a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground, to the bottom of the frame at the wheel base midpoint.

Front 38

Strobe Light Activated Preemption Device

Back 38

Uses emitters (strobes) mounted on the apparatus to activate sensors in the traffic lights.

Front 39

Weight Transfer

Back 39

Occurs as a result of the law of inertia.

• Objects in motion tend to stay in motion, and objects at rest tend to stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force.

Front 40

Automatic Traction Control (ATC)

Back 40

Automatically reduces engine torque & applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction & begin to spin.

Front 41

3" - 6"

Back 41

Snow chains may be ineffective in snow deeper than _____ ?

Front 42

Driver Controlled Differential Lock

Back 42

• Improves traction & handling by locking the differential during off-road & wet weather conditions.

• The DCDL can be shifted while the vehicle is either stationary or moving.

• Both wheels are forced to turn at the same speed, resulting in the differential being locked to maximize traction.

• Should be disengaged when the vehicle is traveling while traveling/turning downhill.

Front 43

Inter Axle Differential Lock

Back 43

• Allows for speed differences between rear driving axles.

• Allows the operator to lock out the inter axle differential action, creating one solid drive line between the rear axles.

Front 44

40'

Back 44

Boundary lines for the restricted area in an alley dock should be how far apart?

Front 45

12'

Back 45

The width of the dock in the alley dock is how wide?

Front 46

30' - 38'

Back 46

For the serpentine course, how far apart are the cones (depending on the size of the apparatus)?

Front 47

50' x 100'

Back 47

The confined space turnaround is performed in an area that is how big?

Front 48

75'

Back 48

The diminishing clearance course is arranged by two sets of stanchions that are how far apart?

Front 49

8' - 10'

Back 49

A spotter should stand how far behind a backing apparatus?

Front 50

100 psi

Back 50

Hydraulic fluid at as low as what pressure can penetrate skin?

Front 51

Over throttling a diesel engine results in what?

Back 51

• Excessive amount of carbon particles issuing from the exhaust.

• Oil dilution

• An increase in black smoke from exhaust.

• Increase in fuel consumption.

Front 52

Choosing a gear that cruises an engine at 200 to 300 rpm lower than recommended rpm results in____.

Back 52

• Reducing engine wear

• Reducing noise

• Reducing fuel consumption

• Reducing power losses from the fan, driveline & accessories.

Front 53

Long idling periods can result in the use of how much fuel per hour?

Back 53

1/2 gallon

Front 54

What is the recommended idle time to allow the engine temp to stabilize before it is shut down?

Back 54

3 to 5 min.

Front 55

Who should always don PPE before the apparatus leaves the station?

Back 55

The fire fighters and officer

Front 56

ATC

(Automatic Traction Control)

Back 56

The system that helps improve traction on slippery roads by reducing drive wheel over spin.

Front 57

Automatic tire chains tend to lose their effectiveness in snow deeper than _______.

Back 57

8 inches

Front 58

A siren on a vehicle traveling at 40 mph will project _______ ahead of the vehicle, while a siren traveling 60 mph will project _______ ahead.

Back 58

300 ft, 12 ft.

Front 59

Confined Space Turnaround

Back 59

Tests the driver’s ability to to turn the vehicle 180° within a confined area.

Front 60

Diminishing Clearance Exercise

Back 60

Measures the driver’s ability to steer an apparatus in a straight line, to judge distances from wheel to object, & stop at a finish line.

Front 61

What is the depth of the space in the alley dock to be backed in to without hitting the wall?

Back 61

20 ft.

Front 62

Following Distance

Back 62

• 1 second for every 10 ft. of vehicle, when traveling < 40 mph. (4 sec for 40’ apparatus, etc.)

• When raining, add another second.

• When traveling >40 mph, add another second.

Front 63

Safe Highway Op's

Back 63

- Advance Warning: notification to approaching motorists to transition from a normal driving status to emergency traffic control.

Block: Positioning of an apparatus at an angle to the lanes of traffic, creating a physical barrier. Includes block right & block left.

- Buffer zone: Distance between personnel & vehicles in the protected work zone & nearby traffic. Distance is 10 ft. for every 5 mph of posted roadway speed

- Downstream: Direction that traffic is moving as it travels away from the scene.

- Taper: Action of merging several lanes of traffic into fewer lanes. Recommended distance is 10 ft for every 5 mph of posted speed.

- Transition Zone: Lanes of a roadway w/in which approaching motorists change speed to comply w/the traffic control measures.

Front 64

Warning Flares

Back 64

Shall be placed at 15 ft. intervals upstream of the blocking apparatus, w/the furthest flare approximately 75 ft. upstream