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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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life-promoting properties of water
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high specific heat
high heat of vaporization great solvent |
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negative feedback mechanism
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output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity. ex. NADH in cell respiration
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Homeostasis
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maintenance of internal environment in an ever changing external environment
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positive feedback
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response enhances original stimulus
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Compound
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2 or more different atoms connected by bond
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Molecule
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2 or more atoms connected by bond
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Human traits
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size and complexity of brain
bipedal locomotion opposable thumb complex vocal structure stereoscopic vision |
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normal blood pH
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7.35-7.45
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Assimilation
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smaller molecules linked together to make larger molecules ex. amino acids to proteins
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Differentiation
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increase in complexity
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Acid
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substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved
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Base
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substance that releases anions when dissolved
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cations
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positive ion
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anion
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negative ion
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chemically inert elements
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noble gas, stable
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars
can be in ring form (make disaccharides) or chain form ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose |
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides in ring form
ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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Polysaccharrides
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many mono and disaccharides
ex. glycogen |
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Dehydration synthesis
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two molecules together
release water |
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Hydrolysis
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split of two molecules
requires water |
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Saturated
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single bonds
solidify more easily because easily condensed lots of saturated fats can lead to astherosclerosis |
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triglycerides
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3C glycerol molecule
3 long fatty acid chains more energy storage potential |
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Unsaturated
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double bonds form kinks, harder to solidify
fats and oils |
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Phospholipid
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3C glycerol
2 fatty acid chains phosphorous containing group (hydrophilic) membrane (phospholipid bilayer |
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amphipathic
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part water soluble, part lipid soluble
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Steroids
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flat molecule made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
hormones that cause change in cell |
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cholesterol
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example of steroid
interspersed among phospholipid in cell membrane raw material of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salt synthesis |
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Proteins
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polypeptide (many amino acids joined by peptide bond)
10-30% of cell mass |
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amino acid
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carboxyl acid group (COOH)
amine group (NH2) carbon attached to R group (what creates variation) 20 different types ex. glycine, lyine |
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primary proteins structure
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order of amino acids
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secondary structure
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alpha helix (twisted coil)(H-bonds)
beta sheet (pleated) (H-bonds) |
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tertiary structure
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globular structure
entire structure bends |
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quaternary structure
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2 or more polypeptide chains
forms functional proteins |
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fibrous proteins
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extended, strandlike
building materials |
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globular proteins
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compact, spherical proteins
biological processes unstable |
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DNA
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houses blueprint for protein construction
genetic material replication before cell division |
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RNA
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genetic instruction for protein synthesis
single strand U instead of T |
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purine
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Adenine and Guanine
2rings |
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pyrimidine
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Thymine and Cytosine
1 ring |
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Adenine + Thymine
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2 Hydrogen bonds
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Guanine + Cytosine
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3 Hydrogen bonds
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DNA structure
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pentose sugar and phosphate backbone (DNA or RNA)
nucleotide bases (A, G, C, T, U) double helix |
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nucleoside
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base and sugar
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nucleotide
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nucleoside bonds to phosphate group
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cells
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basic unit of life
60 trillion in humans division of labor, specialized for specific function |
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plasma membrane
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-phospholipid bilayer w/ imbedded cholesterol and -proteins (allow communication w/ environment)
-phospholipids unsaturated-->kinks increase space b/w which increases membrane fluidity -separates intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid -selectively permeable barrier (based on polarity, size, and electrical charge) |
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Integral proteins
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firmly inserted in bilayer
act as channels or carriers |
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Peripheral proteins
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attach loosely to integral proteins
can act as enzymes some help mechanical functions (mitosis, cell contraction) |
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Cytoplasm
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gelatinous fluid
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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series of interconnected membrane bound spaces
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Rough ER
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membrane studded with ribosomes
produces proteins for export out of cell or to organelles has receptor that fits amino acid chain from ribosomes |
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Smooth ER
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steroid production
lipid/drug detoxification synthesize fats break down glycogen to form glucose |
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Ribosomes
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proteins producing structures
2 subunits free-floating secured on Rough ER |
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Golgi Apparatus
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-series of interconnected plate shaped membrane bound spaces
-creates chemical modifications to proteins -packaging and distribution center -directs proteins through transport |
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Lysosome
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break down organelles, toxins, metabolic functions
membrane bound sphere packed with hydrolytic enzyme |
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Mitochondrion
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-double membrane (outer membrane: smooth, inner membrane: cristae)
-site of aerobic respiration -own DNA, RNA, ribosomes |
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Cytoskeleton
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strand-like proteins that provide structure for cell
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Microfilaments
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cytoskeleton
woven ropes: actin, myosin movement |
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Intermediate filaments
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cytoskeleton
fibrils: holds organelles in place |
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Microtubles
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cytoskeleton
vesicular movement "9 surrounding 2" in cilia/flagella |
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Nucleus
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double membrane
house DNA (wrapped in chromosomes with help of histones) |
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Transcription
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using blueprint of DNA to form new strand of DNA
DNA to mRNA |
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Translation
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mRNA to protein
3 nucleotides (anticodon)=amino acid |
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mRNA
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houses blueprint for protein
formed in nucleus |
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rRNA
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forms part of ribosomal structure (2subunits)
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tRNA
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transfers correct AA at correct time during translation
AA moves around-randomly collide with correct tRNA controlled by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme |
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Catobolism
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breaking larger molecules down into smaller ones
ex. hydrolysis |
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Anabolism
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process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
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Metabolism
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Anabolism + Catabolism
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Frameshift mutation
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all nucleotides move over when one nucleotide leaves
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Induced fit hypothesis
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substrate bind to enzyme introduces molecular strain in substrates making them more likely to react
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Enzyme Activity
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-substrate bind to enzyme at active site
-enzyme-substrate complex, undergoes internal rearrangements that form product -enzyme releases product and returns to normal shape (catalyst not reactant) NOTE: cells only need a small amount of enzyme because they can be reused |
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energy of activiation
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energy needed for chemical reaction to take place
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cell respiration
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converting chemical energy of food into ATP
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oxidation
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gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
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substrate levelphosphorylation
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high energy P group transferred to ADP
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phosphorylation
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primes molecule to change in way that increases its activity
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Glycolysis
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1 glucose to 2 pyruvate
2ATP, 2NADH |
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Transitional
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looses C in the form of CO2
picks up CoA NAD reduced to NADH (yields 2 CO2 and 2NADH for 2 pyruvate) |
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Krebs Cycle
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convert NAD to NADH (6)
convert FAD to FADH2 (2) CO2 produced (4) produce ATP (2) |
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Electron Transport Chain
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using energy from electrons (from cofactors NADH and FADH2) to produce steep concentration gradient for H2
18ATP from NADH 4 ATP from FADH2 4 proteins and ATP synthase |
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simple diffusion
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high to low concentration
doesn't require energy input body maintains rate by: -maintaining steep concentration gradients -short diffusing differences ex. O2, CO2, and fat soluble vitamins |
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facilitated diffusion
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high to low concentration
help of transport protein (integral) -carrier method (integral proteins envelop substance) -channel mediated (ions or water) doesn't require energy input |
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Osmosis
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net movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic
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Osmotic pressure
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the amount of pressure required to counteract osmosis
proportional to solute concentraton |
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hypotonic
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greater inside cell, water diffuses in
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hypertonic
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greater outside of cell, water diffuses out
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isotonic
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equal concentration
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albumin
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produced by liver
albumin in blood stream causes water to diffuse in to blood vessel/counterbalances by beating of heart liver failure can cause edema due to insufficient osmosis |
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Bulk Flow/filtration
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movement of solution from high to low
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hydrostatic pressure
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force that some liquid exerts against surface
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Active Transport
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-the movement of substance from areas of low to high
-primary active transport: energy comes from hydrolysis of ATP -secondary active transport: transport driven indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients created by pumps ex. 3NA out for 2K in |
