Apologia General Science Module 5

Front 1

Define life science.

Back 1

A term that encompasses all scientific pursuits related to living organisms

Front 2

Define archaeology.

Back 2

The study of past human life as revealed by preserved relics

Front 3

What do archaeologists do?

Back 3

They try to learn more aboit the people who lived in the past by studying what those people left behind.

Front 4

Define artifacts.

Back 4

Objects made by humands such as tools, weapons, containers, etc.

Front 5

Define geology.

Back 5

The study of earth's history as revealed in the rocks that make up the earth

Front 6

Define paleontology.

Back 6

The study of life's history as revealed in the preserved remains of once-living plants and animals

Front 7

What is the internal test?

Back 7

It simply tests to see whether or not the document in question is internally consistent. In other words, the internal test says that a valid work of history cannot contradict itself.

Front 8

Define Aristotle's dictum.

Back 8

The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document itself, not assigned by the critic to himself.

Front 9

An archaeologist discovers a document that claims to be a history of the Sumerian people. It mentions a battle that was fought at a great fortress in a certain region of the Sumerian Empire. Archaeologists look in that area and find the remains of a tiny village, but no indications of a fortress or a great battle. Which test does this document fail?

Back 9

The document seems to be contradicted by archaeological research. Thus, it fails the external test.

Front 10

A document being evaluated as a history states that a certain city was built in 117 A.D. Later in the document, it references a battle that was fought for the control of the city, and it states that the battle occurred in 105 A.D. Which test does this document fail?

Back 10

The document contradicts itself. How could a battle be fought over a city that has not been built yet? The document fails the internal test.

Front 11

Suppose archaeologists found a new historical document (a copy of a much older document) in a ruin. A few years later, several copies of that same document were discovered in a nearby location, and it is determined that the same king who commissioned the first copy also commanded that the other copies be made. Would those copies help the document in passing the bibliographic test? Why or why not?

Back 11

These copies would not help the document in passing the bibliographic test. the copies of a document have to be made by a different source in order to be used in the bibliographic test. Remember, one thing that the bibliographic test guards against is the process by which text is added or removed from a document at the direction of the person ordering the copies.

Front 12

Define known age.

Back 12

The age of an artifact as determined by a date printed on it or a reference to the artifact in a work of history

Front 13

Define dendrochronology.

Back 13

The process of counting tree rings ti determine the age of the tree

Front 14

Define radiometric dating.

Back 14

Using a radioactive process to determine the age of an item

Front 15

Define absolute age.

Back 15

The calculated age of an artifact from a specific dating method that is used to determine when the artifact was made

Front 16

An archaeologist is trying to determine the age of an ancient village that has just been discovered, and she would like to use dendrochronology. What TWO things must she have in order to determine the age of the village this way?

Back 16

In order to use dendrochronology, the archaeologist must fine a preserved log with identifiable rings in the remains of the ancient village. She also must find a master tree ringpattern which she can then identify in the preserved log. The preserved log gives the archaeologist something with which to use dendrochronology, and the master tree ring pattern allows her to figure out how old the log is.

Front 17

If an artifact has no date written on it, is there any why that you can determine its age with certainty?

Back 17

There is another way to get a known age for an artifact. Of the artifact is mentiones in a document of history and a date is given there, then the artifact will have a known age.

Front 18

is it harder or easier to date a tree with more rings?

Back 18

It is definitely harder. You have to count all of those little rings by hand, and sometimes the tree produces more than one ring per year, so that also makes the task harder.

Front 19

Define the Principle of Superposition.

Back 19

When artifacts are found in rock or earth that is layered, the deeper layers hold the older artifacts.

Front 20

What is the underlying assumption of the Principle of Superposition?

Back 20

The Principle of Superposition assumes that each layer of soil or rock is formed one at a time. We know that this is not always true.

Front 21

Since there are many different stories about a worldwide flood that come from many different cultures, why should we believe the Bible's account? Why not believe the story of the worldwide flood as given in Greek mythology or in one of the aborigine legends?

Back 21

We should believe the Biblical account because the Bible is more historically reliable than any of the other documents, as is demonstrated by the internal, external and bibliographic tests.