Apologia General Science Module 4

Front 1

Describe simple machine.

Back 1

A device that reduces the amount of force needed to perform a task or changes the direction of a force

Front 2

Describe force.

Back 2

A push or pull that changes the motion of an object

Front 3

Describe mechanical advantage.

Back 3

The amount by which force or motion is magnified in a simple machine

Front 4

Describe diameter.

Back 4

The length of a straight line that travels from side of a circle to the other, while passing through the center of the circle

Front 5

Describe circumference.

Back 5

The distance around a circle, equal to 3.1416 times the circle's diameter

Front 6

How is applied science different from science?

Back 6

Applied science differs from science in motive. In applied science, the goal is to make something better. In science, the goal is simply to learn.

Front 7

What leads to technology?

Back 7

Technology can result from accident, science, or applied science.

Front 8

Identify each of the following as a science experiment or an applied science experiment:

a. An experiment to determine the speed of a balloon dropping
b. An experiment to figure out a cure for breast cancer
c. An experiment to figure out how much blood a mosquito can drink
d. An experiment to determine how to make concrete stronger

Back 8

Experiments (b) and (d) are applied science experiments, because the goal is to make something better. Experiments (a) and (c) are science experiments, because the goal is to learn something. Even though the knowledge gained from experiments (a) and (c) might be useful, that is not the primary goal. Since the primary goal is knowledge, they are science experiments.

Front 9

Which of the following would be considered technology?

a. A classification scheme for all animals
b. A vaccination that will keep all animals from contracting the flu
c. A new diet for dogs that will lead to longer life
d. An understanding of what causes urinary tract infections in cats

Back 9

Items (b) and (c) are technology. They are not machines, but a vaccination for animals is something that makes life better, and a new diet for dogs does the same. Items (a) and (d) are simply pieces of information. They may be useful, but by themselves, they do not make life any better.

Front 10

What are the six types of simple machines?

Back 10

The lever, the pulley, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the wedge and the screw.

Front 11

Which two simple machines look identical?

Back 11

The inclined plane and the wedge look identical.

Front 12

What is the mechanical advantage of a lever in which the fulcrum is 5 inches from the resistance and 30 inches from the effort? What does the mechanical advantage mean?

Back 12

For levers, the mechanical advantage equation (you have to memorize it) is:

Mechanical advantage = (distance from fulcrum to effort) divided by (distance from fucrum to resistance)

Mechanical advantage = 30 divided by 5 = 6

The mechanical advantage means that the effort is magnified by 6.

Front 13

A shovel is an example of a lever. To what class does it belong?

Back 13

In a shovel, the part that does not move is the handle. You hold onto the handle with one hand, then you lift the middle of the shovel with the other. Thus, the effort is in the middle of the shovel. The resistance is the shovel's head. Thus, the fulcrum is at one end, and the effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance. This is a third-class lever.

Front 14

A child's see-saw is an example of a lever. To what class does it belong?

Back 14

In a see-saw, the middle does not move. One child is the resistance and the other is the effort. Thus, the fulcrum is between the effort and the resistance. This is a first-class lever.

Front 15

What is the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle when the wheel has a diameter of 16 inches and the axle has a diameter of 4 inches?

Back 15

The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle (you have to memorize it) is:

Mechanical advantage = (diameter of the wheel) ÷ (diameter of the axle)

Mechanical advantage = 16 ÷ 4 = 4

Front 16

When the wheel in a wheel and axle system is turned, what will be magnified?

Back 16

When the wheel is turned, a wheel and axle magnifies effort. Thus, the force will be magnified.

Front 17

When the axle in the wheel and axle system is turned, what will be magnified?

Back 17

When the axle is turned, speed is magnified.

Front 18

A block and tackle is composed of 9 pulleys that all work together. What is the mechanical advantage of the block and tackle system?

Back 18

The mechanical advantage of a multiple-pulley system is simply equal to the number of pulleys that work together. Thus, the mechanical advantage is 9.

Front 19

using a block and tackle system of 7 pulleys, how many feet of rope would have to be pulled of a person wanted to lift a load 1 foot?

Back 19

The mechanical advantage allows you to use less force when you lift, but you "pay" for that by having to pull that much more rope. If the person wants to lift the load 1 foot and the mechanical advantage is 7, the person will need to pull 7 feet of rope.

Front 20

What is the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane with a slope of 10 feet and a height of 2 feet?

Back 20

The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane (you have to memorize it) is:

Mechanical advantage = (length of slope) ÷ (height)

Mechanical advantage = 10 ÷ 2 = 5

Front 21

What is the mechanical advantage of a wedge with a slope of 8 feet and a height of 2 feet?

Back 21

The mechanical advantage equation for a wedge is the same as it is for the inclined plane. The mechanical advantage is 4.

Front 22

A screw with a pitch of 0.1 inches is turned with a screwdriver whose diameter is 2 inches. What is the mechanical advantage?

Back 22

The mechanical advantage equation for a screw depends on the circumference. Thus, we need to calculate that first:

Circumference = 3.1416 x (diameter)

Circumference = 3.1416 x 2 = 6.2832

Now we can use the mechanical advantage equation for a screw:

Mechanical advantage = (circumference) ÷ pitch

Mechanical advantage = 6.2832 ÷ 0.1 = 62.832

Front 23

If you are having a hard time turning a screw, should you get a longer screwdriver or a fatter one?

Back 23

you should get a fatter screwdriver. The mechanical advantage of a screw/screwdriver combination is dependent on the circumference of the screwdriver. Thus, the fatter the screwdriver, the better!

Front 24

Random Question!

Is a cat a canine or a feline?

Back 24

A feline

Front 25

Random Question!

Are your ankles on your hands or feet?

Back 25

They are on your feet

Front 26

Random Question!

Is there such thing as an allergy to the sun?

Back 26

Believe it or not, there is!