Apologia General Science Module 1

Front 1

What is the purpose of science?

Back 1

To develop general laws that explain the world around us. (1)

Front 2

**Define science.

Back 2

A branch of study dedicated to the accumulation and classification of observable facts in order to formulate general laws about the natural world. (1)

Front 3

Science comes form the Latin word scientia. What does it mean?

Back 3

To have knowledge. (1)

Front 4

**Who was Imhotep?

Back 4

An Egyptian renowed for his knowledge of medicine. (1)

Front 5

True or False

The heart of Egyptian medicine was trial and error.

Back 5

True (2)

Front 6

**What is papyrus?

Back 6

A primitive form of paper, made from a long-leafed plant of the same name. (2)

Front 7

Egyptian doctors used moldy bread on wounds to help them heal quickly and cleanly. Why was this effective?

Back 7

The moldy bread contained penicillin, a chemical that kills germs. (2)

Front 8

Name the two chemicals contained in Poppy seeds and what they do.

Back 8

Morphine and codeine which are plain relievers. (2)

Front 9

What is the invention that advanced medical practices in the ancient nations?

Back 9

Papyrus, a primitive form of paper made from a long-leafed plant of the same name, allowed knowlege to be passed from generation to generation. (2)

Front 10

**Ancient Egyptians doctors and inventiors are not considered scientists because...

Back 10

they collected facts, but did not use them to explain the world around them. (32)

Front 11

Name the 3 ancient Greeks considered to be the first 'real' scientists.

Back 11

Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. (4)

Front 12

**Thales

Back 12

studied the heavens and tried to develop an unifying theme to explain the movement of the heavenly bodies. He also predicated solar eclipse. (4)

Front 13

**Anaximander

Back 13

A student of Thales who tried to explian the orgian of the human race without mentioning a creator, now called evolution.(4)

Front 14

**Anaximenes

Back 14

An associate of Anaximander whose original theory of everything being made of air was wrong. (4)

Front 15

Leucippus

Back 15

Called the father of atomic theory bcause he built on the ideas of Anaximenes and discovered atoms. (4)

Front 16

Democritus

Back 16

A student of Leucippus who furthur developed the idea of atoms, but believed they were indestructible. This was later proven wrong. (4)

Front 17

The more tightly packed atoms of a substance is the more _______ it has.

Back 17

Density (4)

Front 18

Who is often called the father of life sciences?

Back 18

Aristotle (8)

Front 19

**What is Aristotle's greatest work?

Back 19

His study of living things.

Aristotle was the first to attempt a large-scale classification of animals and plants. (8)

Front 20

What is classification?

Back 20

gathering facts and conclusions in an easy to reference system. (8)

Front 21

Due to the financial support of _______, Aristotle was able obtain plant and animal system from all over the known world.

Back 21

Alexander the Great (8)

Front 22

**Artistole believed that certain living organisms spontaneously formed from non-living substances. What is this idea called?

Back 22

Spontaneous generation (9)

Front 23

Why did the idea of spontaneous generation last so long?

Back 23

Because it came from Aristotle who was considered to a great scientist. (9)

Front 24

Archimedes was the first scientist to demonstrate ....

Back 24

how closely mathematics and science are linked. (9)

Front 25

What is Archimedes best known work? And what did he discover?

Back 25

His work with fluids. He discovered that when an item is immersed in water, it displaces the same amount of water as the space that the item occupies. (9)

Front 26

What does "Eureka" mean?

Back 26

I have found it. (9)

Front 27

What did Ptolemy study?

Back 27

The heavens. He was the first to try and make a complete description of the planets and stars. (10)

Front 28

**The theory that the earth is the center of the univere is called what?

Back 28

Ptolemaic system. Also referred to as the geoncentric system. (11)

Front 29

Although the data collected proved the Ptolemaic system was incorrect, who continued to support the idea and why?

Back 29

The church continued to support the idea because they reasoned that since God created man, the earth must be the most important thing in the universe, so it must be at the very center, and everything else must travel around it. (11)

Front 30

True or False

The acceptance or rejection of scientific proposition should rest on data and opinion.

Back 30

False.

It should rest on data only, nothing more. (11)

Front 31

**Define alchemy.

Back 31

The belief that lead (or other inexpensive substances) could be transformed into gold (or other precious substances). (13)

Front 32

Define chemical reaction.

Back 32

One or more substances interacting to form one or more new substances. (14)

Front 33

**Where alchemists considered scientists?

Back 33

No. Although they did record the observations of their experiments, they never drew any conclusions. They learned things by trial and error. (14)

Front 34

The early middle ages is sometimes called the 'Dark Ages' because ....

Back 34

little was learned during this time in history. (14)

Front 35

Roman Catholic monks created large volumes of scientific observations and speculations called what?

Back 35

Encyclopedias (15)

Front 36

Scientific progress depends not only on scientist, but it also depends on ____ and ____.

Back 36

government and culture (14)

Front 37

What is a supernova? Who discovered it?

Back 37

A supernova is an explosion of a star. They were first observed by the ancient chinese who recorded their observations but did not understand. (15)

Front 38

What is a nebula?

Back 38

a cloud of dust and gas caused when a supernova occurs. (15)

Front 39

**Name the 3 lessons from history specifically mentioned in the text.

Back 39

#1 - Scientific ideas should be supported based on evidence, not based on the people who agree with it. (11)

#2 - Scientific progress depends not only on scientist, but government and culture. (14)

#3 - Science progresses by building on the works of previous scientists. (16)

Front 40

Science slowed considerably at the beginning of the Dark Ages due to the influence of the Roman Empire. Explain why.

Back 40

The Romans believed in many Gods who roamed the universe doing as they pleased. Since the gods' actions were random, the romans reasoned that the natural world must be random as well. To them this meant that the natural world could not be explained. (16)

Front 41

**Who is considered to be the first modern scientist?

Back 41

Robert Grosseteste, a bishop in the Roman Catholic church in the early 1200s who was committed to the idea that the secrets of the natural world could be learned by discovering the laws that God has set in motion. (17)

Front 42

**What procedure did Grosseteste teach that scientists should follow?

Back 42

The scientific method.

He taught that a scientist should make observations, then come up with an explaination for why the observed events happened. Next he should test his explaination. (17)

Front 43

Who was "the priest who solved the mystery of the rainbow"?

Back 43

Dietrich Von Freiberg, a Roman Catholic priest. (17)

Front 44

Which scientist predicated that science would one day bring flying machines, explosives, submarines, and worldwide travel?

Back 44

Roger Bacon, a Roman Catholic theologian who believed the more man learned about science, the more he world learn about God. (17)

Front 45

On what 2 levels was the work of Thomas Bradwardine important?

Back 45

#1 - He questioned the teachings of the Roman Catholic church, and is considered the first reformer.

#2 - He was the first scientist to examine many of Aristotle's ideas and found most of them lacking. He proved that Aristotle's theory on motion was wrong. (18)

Front 46

Did Nicholas of Cusa, a Roman Catholic priest who studied the planets and the stars, agree with Ptolemy's idea that the earth was the center of the universe?

Back 46

No, he believed that the earth spins while it travels around the sun.

Front 47

**How did the Christian worldview effect the progress of science near the end of the Dark Ages? Why?

Back 47

The Christian worldview began to replace the Roman worldview.

Science is based on the notion that the world works according to rational laws that do NOT change. Since Christians believe in a rational Creator whose laws do NOT change, science and Christianity work very well together. (18)

Front 48

**What were the 2 important works published during The Renaissance period?

Back 48

#1 - A book by Nicolaus Copernius that laid out his ideas about the earth, sun, and the nearby planets. (19)

#2 - A book by Andreas Vesalius that tried to show all the details of the human body. (20)

Front 49

**Nicolaus Copernicus believed Ptolemy's view of the univerise was wrong. What did he believe instead?

Back 49

Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the sun was at the center of everything and assumed that all of the planets (including the earth) traveled around the sun. (19)

Front 50

What are the 2 names for Nicolaus Copernicus's theory on the universe?

Back 50

#1 - The heliocentric system, because 'Helio' was the Greek god of the sun. (19)

#2 - Copernican system, in honor of Copernicus. (19)

Front 51

Did Johannes Kepler complile evidence for or against Copernicus' heliocentric view?

Back 51

For it. Kepler tracked the orbits of the planets, and was able to describe them mathmatically. He data showed that planets traveled around the sun in an oval pattern called an ellipse. (20)

Front 52

What is foci?

Back 52

The 2 points that define an ellispe. The singular is called a focus. (20)

Front 53

**Who invented the telescope?

Back 53

No one knows for sure, but Galileo Galilei is given the credit even though he stole the idea from an inventor. (20)

Front 54

**Galileo collected lots of data that confirmed the heliocentric (Copernicus) system; why did he stop promoting it?

Back 54

Galileo, a devot Catholic, was put on trial for heresay because his research was going against the geocentric view for the Roman Catholic church. The church demanded that he stop and he did. (23)

Front 55

Who was Blaise Pascal?

Back 55

Pascal was a philospher, mathematician, and scientist who demonstrated that the air we breathe exerts pressure on everything. Today we call this atomspheric pressure. (23)

Front 56

**Who is considered the greatest scientist of all time?

Back 56

Issac Newton (23)

Front 57

**Name Issac Newton's 3 biggest accomplishments.

Back 57

#1 - The 3 laws of motion

#2 - The motion of Fluids

#3 - The universal law of gravitation.

(24)

Front 58

Name the founder of modern chemistry.

Back 58

Robert Boyle (24)

Front 59

What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek invent?

Back 59

The first microscope. (24)

Front 60

**During the Enlightment science stopped relying on the authority of past scientists and began relying on experiments and data. What this good or bad?

Back 60

Both. It was good because scientists focused on the sciencific data, not the person's reputation. It was bad because Christianity was taken out of science. (26)

Front 61

What book did Carrolus Linnaeus publish?

Back 61

A book in which he tried to classify all living creatures. (26)

Front 62

**While studying chemical reactions what did Antonie-Lauent Lavoisier realize?

Back 62

He realized that matter cannot be created or destroyed - it can only change form. The is known as the Law of Mass Conservation. (26)

Front 63

What is combustion?

Back 63

The process of burning. (26)

Front 64

**Why is John Dalton considered the founder of modern atomic theory?

Back 64

He proposed a detailed theory about atoms. (26)

Front 65

What is the Industrial Revolution?

Back 65

The period in history when inventors created machines that made work faster and more productive. (26)

Front 66

**What is Charles Darwin best known for?

Back 66

Darwin is best know for his theory of evolution which was published in his book The Origin of the Species. (27)

Front 67

**Describe the idea of immuntability of the species.

Back 67

This is the idea that all living creatures stayed the same throughtout history. It was proven wrong by Darwin. (27)

Front 68

Louis Pasteur destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation. What else is he known for?

Back 68

Pasteur studied bacteria and developed a process called pasteurization which keeps milk from souring. (28)

Front 69

What is geology?

Back 69

The study of rocks. (29)

Front 70

Through his study of geology Sir Charles Lyell believed what about the earth?

Back 70

That it was formed over millions of years, which broke the theory that the earth was young. (29)

Front 71

**Define genetics.

On whose work is the modern field of genetics based?

Back 71

Genetics is the study of how traits are passed fro parent to child.

Gregor Mendel. (28)

Front 72

In what field of science did Michael Faraday work?

Back 72

Electricity and Magnetism. (28)

Front 73

**James Clark Maxwell is known as the founder of _______. He proved that electricity and magnestism were both different aspects of the same process called ______.

Back 73

Physics.
Electromagnetism.

(29)

Front 74

**James Joule proved that, like matter, energy cannot be created or destroyed. What is this law called?

Back 74

the First Law of Thermodynamics. (29)

Front 75

**What is the basic assumption behind quantum mechanics? Who proposed this idea?

Back 75

The idea that energy exists in small packets called "quanta" which was proposed by Max Planck. (29, 30)

Front 76

Name the most famous scientist in quantum mechanics.

Back 76

Albert Einstein. (30)

Front 77

**Name 2 ideas for which Einstein is famous.

Back 77

Special theory of relativity and General theory of relativity. (39)

Front 78

**Niels Bohr developed the Bohr model. What is it?

Back 78

A picture of an atom. (30)