Apologia Biology Module 07 Vocabulary

Front 1

genetics

Back 1

The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring

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genetic tendency

Back 2

The DNA sets a range of possible characteristics, sometimes called your ______________ _____________.


You can work to fight that tendency, if you wish. (as in the case of being overweight)

Front 3

genetic factors

Back 3

The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.

Front 4

environmental factors

Back 4

Those “nonbiological” factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices

Front 5

spiritual factors

Back 5

The factors in a person's life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God.

Front 6

genes

Back 6

A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein or a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.

Front 7

transcription

Back 7

When the RNA strand is built it is a negative image of the DNA strand to which it linked. The negative image produced in this process can be used by the ribosome to make a protein.

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messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 8

The RNA that performs transcription

Front 9

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 9

The ribosome is surrounded by amino acids, enzymes, and a different kind of RNA which is a big molecule that contains a special sequence of three nucleotides called an anticodon.

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anticodon

Back 10

A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA

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codon

Back 11

A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.

Put another way:
The three-nucleotide base sequence that attracts the tRNA anticodon. Since it attracts a tRNA with a particular amino acid on it, we say that it refers to a specific amino acid.

Front 12

translation

Back 12

The process of when all the amino acids called for by the codons on mRNA are linked together resulting in a protein

Front 13

exons

Back 13

A gene in a eukaryotic cell contains sections called ______________. When the mRNA makes its negative image, it copies everything on the gene. However, only the _______s are a part of the instructions for making a protein.

Front 14

introns

Back 14

These are sequences of nucleotide bases that separate the exons, almost like “spacers” that separate one set of books from another set of books on a shelf.

Front 15

histones

Back 15

Certain proteins that act as spools which wind up small stretches of DNA. The DNA wrapped around these form what could be described as “beads on a string,”

Front 16

nucleosomes

Back 16

The DNA that is wrapped around histones and form what could be described as “beads on a string.”

Front 17

chromosome

Back 17

DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell

Front 18

condensed chromosome

Back 18

When a cell is ready to reproduce, however, the coils form an even more compact version of the chromosome, which looks something like a dumbbell. It represents the smallest “package” in which nuclear DNA can be put.

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mitosis

Back 19

A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells

Front 20

interphase

Back 20

The time interval between cellular reproduction when a cell is busy with its normal life functions.

Front 21

cell cycle

Back 21

The combination of interphase and mitosis is often called _______________ because the cell is either in one or the other. (The cell spends most of its time in the interphase.)

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sister chromatid

Back 22

After duplication, the chromosome and its duplicate are called _____________ .

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mother cell

Back 23

A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.

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prophase

Back 24

When the duplicated chromosomes coil into their condensed form, and they attach to each other at a point called the centromere.

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centromere

Back 25

The region that joins two sister chromatids.

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aster

Back 26

During prophase, each set of centrioles migrates towards one end of the cell. Microtubules extend from the centrioles in all directions, forming the ___________.

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spindle fibers

Back 27

microtubules from the aster that grow

Front 28

mitotic spindle

Back 28

As the centrioles migrate, microtubules from the aster grow, forming spindle fibers, which make up the ______________ ________________.

As it is forming and the centrioles are moving, the nuclear membrane breaks apart, exposing the chromosomes to the rest of the cell. Microtubules from each centriole attach themselves to the chromosomes and move them to the center of the nucleus.

Front 29

equatorial plane

Back 29

An imaginary line which runs down the center of the cell, equidistant from the two centrioles and where the chromosomes are lining up.

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metaphase

Back 30

The brief time in which the chromosomes are lined up along the equatorial plane

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anaphase

Back 31

Phase where the sister chromatids separate from one another. One gets pulled to one side of the cell, and the other gets pulled to the opposite side of the cell.

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telophase

Back 32

The last phase of mitosis beginning when the chromosomes are pulled far from one another.

Front 33

homologous chromosome pairs

Back 33

Because the members of a chromosome pair are similar but not identical, the pairs are called _________________ ________________ __________.

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homologue

Back 34

each member of a homologous chromosome pair

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sex chromosomes

Back 35

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that can be used to distinguish between the sexes

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X chromosome

Back 36

the two sex chromosomes in a woman's cell

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Y chromosome

Back 37

the chromosome that distinguishes a male's cell

Front 38

karyotype

Back 38

The figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs

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diploid

Back 39

A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs

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haploid

Back 40

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair

Front 41

diploid number
(sometimes abbreviated as “2n”)

Back 41

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.

Front 42

haploid number
(sometimes abbreviated as “n”).

Back 42

The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.

Front 43

meiosis

Back 43

Sexual reproduction begins this process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).

( diploid cells get split into haploid cells called gametes)

Front 44

gametes

Back 44

Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

Front 45

egg cell, or ovum

Back 45

In animals, the gamete produced by the mother.

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sperm cell

Back 46

the gamete produced by the father

Front 47

zygote

Back 47

One member of each homologous pair will come from the father, and the other member of each homologous pair will come from the mother. When gametes join together, the resulting diploid cell is called a ___________.

Front 48

virus

Back 48

A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics:

(1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat.

(2) It cannot reproduce on its own.

Front 49

lytic pathway

Back 49

The process by which a virus infects the host.

All viruses reproduce and infect this way.

Front 50

phagocytosis

Back 50

the process of a cell engulfing a chemical or another cell

Front 51

phagocytic cells

Back 51

certain cells that use the process of phagocytosis to destroy pathogens, including viruses

Front 52

lymph nodes

Back 52

Special vessels called lymph vessels carry fluids through ________ ______s, and pathogens that are in that fluid get engulfed by the phagocytic cells that are there.

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antibodies

Back 53

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Front 54

vaccines

Back 54

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen