Apologia Biology Module 06 Vocabulary

Front 1

absorption

Back 1

The transport of dissolved substances into cells.

Front 2

digestion

Back 2

The breakdown of absorbed substances.

Front 3

respiration

Back 3

The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy

Front 4

excretion

Back 4

The removal of soluble waste materials.

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egestion

Back 5

The removal of nonsoluble waste materials.

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secretion

Back 6

The release of biosynthesized substances.

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movement

Back 7

The actual locomotion of a cell from one point to another, or we might mean movement of things within a cell.

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irritability

Back 8

Sensing and responding to changes in the surroundings.

Front 9

homeostasis

Back 9

Maintaining the status quo - The cell must make sure that all of its organelles are functioning properly, that all organelles are supplied with the substances that they need, and that everything within the cell is running accordingly.

Front 10

reproduction

Back 10

All cells die. Thus, in order to maintain life, cells must produce other cells via this method.

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cytology

Back 11

The study of cells.

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cell wall

Back 12

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.

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pectin

Back 13

A carbohydrate that hardens cellulose.

Front 14

pores

Back 14

Small holes in the cell walls that allow substances (like nutrients) to diffuse through the cell wall and into the cell. They also allow waste products from the cell to diffuse into the cell's surroundings

Front 15

secondary cell walls

Back 15

Walls that are formed on the inside of the original cell wall once a plant cell has matured and stopped growing. They no longer need to be flexible, so they are much more rigid, providing better protection for the contents of the cell

Front 16

primary cell wall.

Back 16

Once the secondary cell walls are formed, the original cell wall is usually referred to as ______________.

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middle lamella

Back 17

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
and is made primarily of pectin.

Front 18

plasma membrane

Back 18

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.

Because it is semipermeable, it allows certain substances, and not others, to pass through it.

Front 19

semipermeable

Back 19

Allows certain substances (nutrients, water, and oxygen, for example) to pass through and enter the cell, but it does not allow other substances (certain toxins, for example) in.

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cytoplasm

Back 20

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

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ions

Back 21

Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.

Front 22

cytoplasmic streaming

Back 22

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.

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mitochondrion

Back 23

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.

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lysosome

Back 24

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.

Hydrolysis reactions do not occur on their own. They need enzyme catalysts in order to make them happen. Thus, the lysosome is full of enzyme catalysts for the hydrolysis reactions that it needs to perform.

Front 25

ribosomes

Back 25

Non-membrane-bounded organelles that are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These organelles are responsible for synthesis of proteins in the cell.

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endoplasmic reticulum

Back 26

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.

Commonly abbreviated as: ER

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rough ER

Back 27

ER that is dotted with ribosomes and is a part of protein synthesis.

Typically, specialized proteins that are secreted by certain cells are produced here.

Front 28

smooth ER

Back 28

ER that has no ribosomes


Although no protein synthesis occurs in this type of ER, many other chemicals can be produced in this organelle. Lipids are made in order to store excess energy, and hormones and steroids, which affect a range of cell functions, can be made here as well. In addition, this ER inactivates certain harmful byproducts of digestion and respiration and then sends them to the plasma membrane to be ejected.

Front 29

plastid

Back 29

Organelle involved in biosynthesis is found only in plant cells, algae cells, and some protozoa.

Front 30

leucoplasts

Back 30

Organelles that store starches or oils.

When plants have excess monosaccharides from photosynthesis, they are typically linked together in a long polysaccharide called starch. This allows the plant to store them for future use. This are is where these starches are stored.

Front 31

chloroplast

Back 31

This structure contains the pigment chlorophyll, which you have already learned is a catalyst for the photosynthesis process. Photosynthesis actually takes place in the fluid that fills this structure. (this is the chromoplast that is most familiar)

Front 32

stroma

Back 32

Photosynthesis actually takes place in this fluid that fills the chloroplast

Front 33

vacuole

Back 33

a membrane-bounded “sac.”

Front 34

food vacuoles

Back 34

hold and stores food while it is being digested

Front 35

contractile vacuoles

Back 35

regulate the amount of water in the cell

Front 36

central vacuole

Back 36

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Front 37

turgor pressure

Back 37

Water tends to enter the central vacuole by osmosis. This makes the central vacuole bigger and bigger, causing it to push the cytoplasm and all of the organelles against the cell wall. This causes the cell to be pressurized, much like a balloon. This particular pressure helps keep a plant rigid.

Front 38

waste vacuoles

Back 38

Vacuoles that contain the nondigestible, nontoxic waste products of digestion

Front 39

phagocytic vacuole

Back 39

A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs.

Front 40

phagocytosis

Back 40

The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.

Front 41

vesicle

Back 41

When a vacuole is small, it is typically called ___________.

Front 42

pinocytic vesicle

Back 42

Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.

Front 43

secretion vesicle

Back 43

Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released.

Front 44

pinocytosis

Back 44

When a cell needs to absorb a molecule that is large (but not so large that it needs to be engulfed), a tiny pocket is formed in the plasma membrane. That pocket is then pinched off, forming a vacuole. This process is called ___________.

Front 45

Golgi bodies

Back 45

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
They are comprised of flattened, interconnected membrane sacs that look like a stack of pancakes.

Front 46

centrioles

Back 46

Interesting organelles found mostly in animal cells. Some plant cells have them, but most do not.

They form flagella or cilia in cells that have them and they are involved in the asexual reproduction of cells. (mitosis)

Front 47

microtubules

Back 47

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.

Front 48

basal body

Back 48

Once the centriole has formed a cilium, it stays at the base of the cilium and is called a __________ ___________.

Front 49

mitosis

Back 49

the asexual reproduction of cells

Front 50

nucleus

Back 50

Often called the “control center of the cell,” it holds the cell's main DNA, which tells the cell everything it needs to know about its structure and functions.

Front 51

nuclear DNA

Back 51

DNA stored in the nucleus and is a copy of the parent cell.

Front 52

nuclear membrane

Back 52

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Front 53

ribonucleic acid

Back 53

a substance found in the DNA and referred to as RNA

Front 54

chromatin

Back 54

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.

Front 55

nucleolus

Back 55

This is the center where RNA is made. Ribosomes are also assembled here and then transported out of the nucleus.

Front 56

mitochondrial DNA

Back 56

DNA stored in the mitochondrion. It is involved in producing the proteins that the cell needs specifically for respiration.

Front 57

cytoskeleton

Back 57

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.

Front 58

microfilaments

Back 58

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton.

Front 59

intermediate filaments

Back 59

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.

are mostly responsible for strengthening and supporting the cell, which allows it to keep its shape.

Front 60

phospholipids

Back 60

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.


A plasma membrane is usually constructed of proteins, cholesterol, and these......

Front 61

lipids

Back 61

Molecules that contain three fatty acids linked together on a glycerol molecule.

Front 62

hydrophilic end

Back 62

“water-loving”

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hydrophobic end

Back 63

“water-fearing”

Front 64

phospholipid bilayer

Back 64

In the plasma membrane, phospholipids are arranged in a double layer with the hydrophobic ends pointing towards each other and the hydrophilic ends pointing out towards the surroundings and in towards the cell. This layer is called the phospholipid bilayer ___________ _____________.

Front 65

glycoprotein

Back 65

When a carbohydrate is attached to a protein, the protein is called a ____________.

Front 66

glycolipid

Back 66

When a carbohydrate is attached to a phospholipid, it is called a ______________.

Front 67

passive transport

Back 67

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.

No cellular energy is expended as a result of the substance passing through the plasma membrane

Front 68

active transport

Back 68

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy

Front 69

isotonic solution.

Back 69

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution.

Front 70

hypertonic solutions

Back 70

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.

Front 71

plasmolysis

Back 71

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.

Front 72

cytolysis

Back 72

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.

Front 73

hypotonic solution.

Back 73

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.

(There is greater solute concentration on the inside of the cell than on the outside. As a result, water flows by osmosis into the cell until the cell bursts from too much water pressure.)

Front 74

activation energy

Back 74

Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.

Front 75

cellular respiration

Back 75

The chemical process that generates most of the energy in the cell, supplying molecules needed to make the metabolic reactions of an organism run.

Front 76

pyruvic acid

Back 76

C^3H^4O^3

Aerobic cellular respiration is accomplished through a four-stage process that begins in the cytoplasm. When the cell wants to “burn” a monosaccharide for energy, the monosaccharide first goes into the cytoplasm. There, enzymes catalyze a reaction that causes the monosaccharide molecule to lose some of its hydrogen atoms and form 2 molecules of this substance.

Front 77

chemical formula for glucose

Back 77

C^6H^12O^6

Front 78

glycolysis

Back 78

the first stage of cellular respiration

Much like striking a match to start something burning, the amount of energy needed to begin this reaction is half of that which is released when the reaction finishes.

Front 79

formation of acetyl coenzyme A

Back 79

the second stage of cellular respiration

Once 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are made, they head to a mitochondrion. As they cross into the mitochondrion, the next stage takes place. This stage is also called the “oxidation of pyruvic acid” in some biology texts. In this process, the pyruvic acid is broken down, and a protein (coenzyme A) is attached to the remains.

Front 80

Krebs cycle

Back 80

third stage in cellular respiration

This stage is sometimes called the “citric acid cycle,” and it also takes place in the mitochondrion. It takes the 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and reacts them with oxygen to make hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and coenzyme A again. This is actually a long, complicated procedure that involves many reactions which are carefully controlled by enzymes.

Front 81

electron transport system

Back 81

last stage in cellular respiration

This stage produces the most energy of all four stages. Just like the Krebs cycle, it takes place in the mitochondrion. In this stage, the hydrogen that was produced in the previous three stages is carefully reacted with oxygen to make water. This is actually done through a complicated series of enzyme-controlled reactions.

Front 82

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 82

composed of a substance called adenosine linked 3 three phosphate groups. When 1 of the phosphate groups is broken away from the rest of the molecule, a gentle release of energy occurs. This energy is sufficient to accomplish most tasks in a cell, but gentle enough so that it will not harm the cell.

Front 83

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Back 83

The resulting molecule when the phosphate group breaks off from the rest of the molecule (in ATP) and an adenosine attached to 2 phosphate groups is left over.

Front 84

cellular fermentation

Back 84

In anaerobic conditions, the cell eventually converts the pyruvic acid into alcohol or lactic acid. This is called __________ ______________.