Apologia Biology Module 04 Vocabulary

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saprophytic

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decomposers that promote the decay of once-living matter

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extracellular digestion

Back 2

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.

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mycelium (plural is mycelia)

Back 3

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food


(The largest part of body)

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hypha (plural is hyphae)

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A filament of fungal cells, interwoven

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septate hypha

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In some fungi, the hyphae are composed of individual cells separated from one another by cell walls. These hyphae are called ________ ____________. Even though the individual cells are separated from one another by a cell wall, there is usually a hole or pore through which cytoplasm can be passed between the cells.

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nonseptate hyphae

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Other fungi have hyphae that look like one big cell. There are no walls, and the nuclei are spread throughout the hypha. These are called: ______________ ___________

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rhizoid hypha

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A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows. They are responsible for supporting the fungus and digesting the food. These hyphae are considered the main body of the fungus

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aerial hypha

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A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows. It sticks up in the air. It can do one of three things: absorb oxygen from the air, produce spores, or asexually reproduce to form new filaments.

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sporophore

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Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.

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stolon

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An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.

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sporangiophore

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When a sporophore forms its spores within an enclosure it is called this: __________________

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conidiophore

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When a sporophore does not form its spores within an enclosure it is called this: ________________

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haustorium

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A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.

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chitin

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A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility. Most fungi have cell walls that contain this chemical.

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fruiting bodies

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The sexual reproduction that usually occurs in fungi involves forming specialized structures that form as the result of sexual reproduction between compatible hyphae. Once it is formed, it rises out of the mycelium and releases its spores. The cap and stalk that we normally call a mushroom are, in fact, just parts of the __________ ________ of the mycelium of a fungus.

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Phylum Basidiomycota

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Fungi that form sexual spores on clublike basidia.

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Phylum Ascomycota

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Fungi that form sexual spores on saclike asci.

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Phylum Zygomycota

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Fungi that form sexual spores where hyphae fuse.

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Phylum Chytridiomycota

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Fungi that form spores with flagella.

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Phylum Deuteromycota

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Fungi with no known form of reproduction.

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slime molds

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Strange organisms that grow in moist habitats on the decaying remains of living creatures (particularly trees) or in some cases exist as parasites that feed on living plants. They are typically brightly colored and slimy to the touch. In many ways, they resemble protozoa. Most of the time, they behave like a colony of single-celled creatures. However, at some point in their life cycle, many of them produce sporophores for reproduction. Since a sporophore is generally associated with a fungus, they tend to resemble fungi during this stage of their life.

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Phlyum Myxomycota

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Fungi that look like protozoa for much of their lives.

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basidiospores

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Members of phylum Basidiomycota form these spores on club-shaped cells known as basidia (singular is basidium). These spores are the result of sexual reproduction between mycelia.

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cap

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topmost part on fungi

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gills

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Underneath the cap, these small plates are lined with basidia. The basidiospores contained on the basidia are released from the mushroom, where wind and water carry them to a new location, starting the process all over again.

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stipe

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also known as the stalk of fungi

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members of phylum Basidiomycota are referred to by this "nickname"

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often referred to as the “club fungi,”

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fused (in terms of hyphae)

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As the two mycelia begin to intertwine, their hyphae sexually reproduce. They accomplish this by aligning themselves parallel to each other and forming a small junction. At this point, we say that the hyphae are _______. Once _______, the hyphae exchange DNA and form a new mycelium.

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membrane

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When hyphae from a new mycelium that form a complex web they enclose themselves in a ______________.

(In general terms, this is a thin covering of tissue)

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“button”

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A membrane-enclosed web of hyphae that is the beginning of the mushroom's fruiting body.

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fairy rings

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Mushrooms that grow in an almost perfect circle and are thought to be "magical." Inside or outside of this ring of mushrooms, no other mushrooms grow.

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puffball fungi

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Fungi that produce their spores on basidia inside a membrane, rather than in the gills of a cap. When pressure is exerted on the membrane by a passing animal or a heavy wind, the spores are “puffed” out through a hole near the top.

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shelf fungi

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Fungi found either on dead wood or on living trees, can be either saprophytic or parasitic, and the spores of are formed in the pores of shelves, which are the fruiting bodies.

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Rusts

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form of parasitic fungi that decimates living plants/crops

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wheat rust

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This fungus is well known for destroying tons of a certain type of crop over the course of history. Its life cycle is actually rather complex, because it requires two hosts, a main host and an alternate host. Both of them are necessary for the rust to complete its life cycle.

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uredospore

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red spores that can look like rust and can travel on the wind to other wheat plants and grow on them, destroying entire fields

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teliospore

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These form when the wheat plants turn yellow, and the rusts form a different type of spore that survives the winter and then grow into basidia in the spring.

The basidia produce basidiospores, but those spores cannot grow into fungi on wheat. Instead, they find their way to a barberry bush and grow on the underside of the leaves of this bush.

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aeciospores

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Spores on a barberry bush that grow on the underside of the leaves and form tiny cups in which _____________ are produced. These spores can then find their way to wheat plants and grow into rust there.

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Smuts

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Another group of parasitic fungi that belong in phylum Basidiomycota. These fungi also feed on crops such as wheat, barley, rye, and corn, resulting in millions of dollars worth of crop loss each year.

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sac fungi

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form their spores in protective membranes shaped like globes, flasks, or dishes

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ascospores

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spores inside the asci

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yeasts

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The single-celled members of phylum Ascomycota are generally called ___________.

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morel

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A fungi whose fruiting body look like a sponge, is one of the most sought-after forms of edible fungus. The ascospores of these fungi are formed within the holes that make up the spongelike fruiting body. Wind and rain release the spores, allowing them to travel.

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ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea)

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Can be deadly to humans. As its popular name implies, it feeds on rye grain. If rye bread made with rye that has Claviceps purpurea in it is eaten, it is often deadly.

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chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)

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This fungi spread so quickly across the United States, however, that the American chestnut was completely wiped out!

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Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi).

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causes death to Dutch elms

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zygospores

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A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering

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zygote

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The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring

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chytrids

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These single-celled fungi inhabit muddy or aquatic areas. They are typically saprophytic, feeding on decaying water plants. Some species , however, are parasitic.

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One well-known parasitic chytrid is Synchytrium endobioticum, which causes potato wart. What is potato wart?

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This fungus has been responsible for destroying many potato crops over the years. However, most commercial potatoes grown today are resistant to this fungus.

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imperfect fungi

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fungi that are not fully understood

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penicillin

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This chemical substance can kill bacteria associated with many human sicknesses.

(Think: Fleming)

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antibiotic

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A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms

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immune

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A colony of bacteria that is being destroyed by an antibiotic can, under certain conditions, produce offspring that are not at all affected by the antibiotic. We say they are ___________ .

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plasmodium

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Slime molds exist in their feeding stage as a mass of living matter called ______________, not to be confused with members of the genus found in kingdom Protista!

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lichen

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Produced by a mutualistic relationship between a fungus (usually of phylum Ascomycota) and an alga (usually of phylum Chlorophyta). The alga in the relationship produces food for itself and the fungus by means of photosynthesis, while the fungus supports and protects the alga.

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soredium

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Most lichens reproduce by releasing this dustlike substance that contains spores of both the alga and the fungus in a protective case.

Wherever it lands, then, both the fungus and the alga can grow.

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mycorrhiza (or fungus root)

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Nearly 80% of all plants with root systems participate in this mutualistic symbiotic relationship with a fungus. In it, the fungus forms haustoria that penetrate the cell walls of the root system's cells. The fungus absorbs nutrients from the roots as they are transported to the plant. In return, the fungus gives the plant certain needed chemicals, called minerals, that it cannot absorb efficiently from the soil.