Apologia Biology Module 02 Review

Front 1

We are able to explore the incredible microscopic world that exists all around us due to the invention of a microscope. Who is credited for crafting the crude microscope and when did he do this?

Back 1

The microscopic world was unknown to human beings until the 1670s when Anton van Leeuwenhoek crafted a crude microscope.

Front 2

True or False? the combined weight of all microscopic organisms far exceeds the combined weight of all other living organisms on earth!

Back 2

True.

Front 3

True or False? The number of organisms from kingdom Monera that live in your body exceeds the number of cells that make up your body!

Back 3

True.

Front 4

Although bacteria are responsible for many illnesses that plague humanity (and other organisms), there are also many forms of bacteria that are beneficial to people. What are some of the things beneficial bacteria do for us?

Back 4

a. bacteria in your gut synthesize B vitamins and vitamin K

b.bacteria help us make cheese

c.help make the earth hospitable to life

d. some are decomposers, performing the necessary job of recycling chemicals from dead organisms so that living organisms can use them

Front 5

Since bacteria belong to kingdom Monera, they are prokaryotic. What does that mean?

Back 5

Their cells have no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

Front 6

When a pathogenic bacterium enters an organism, that organism has an infection-fighting mechanism which activates. So how does the pathogenic bacterium prevail and cause an infection?

Back 6

The CAPSULE of the pathogenic bacterium can offer a significant amount of protection from the agents of this infection-fighting mechanism

Front 7

What are the three basic bacterial shapes?

Back 7

1. spherical bacteria are also known as coccus, the plural of which is cocci.

2. rod-shaped bacteria are known as bacillus, the plural of which are bacilli

3. helical bacteria are known as spirillum, the plural of which are spirilla

Front 8

Since an electron microscope uses electron beams instead of light, the images that it produces are different from the actual item in what way?

Back 8

The images that it produces do not have any color, so then colors you see in the images have been added after the image was acquired. (false-color images)

Front 9

True or False? If the cell needs the chemicals, the plasma membrane will actually force the chemicals into the cell, whether they “want” to come in or not!

Back 9

True

Front 10

Fimbriae look like little legs or paddles and help the bacteria move about! True or False?

Back 10

False. They don't support locomotion at all..... Either they grasp surfaces to help the bacteria adhere to them (as an aid to the sticky capsule), or they grasp other bacteria as a part of reproduction.

Front 11

If a bacterium does not possess a flagellum, can it move at all?

Back 11

Yes and no. The motion of substances in its surroundings might push it back and forth, but it is unable to move towards a goal.

Front 12

The bacterium does not move by swishing the flagellum back and forth..... That is too simple. How does the flagellum move then?

Back 12

The bacterium moves in a much more complex way, spinning like it has its own “outboard motor” that it uses to get from one point to another.

Front 13

The symbol “μm” stands for _________ .

Back 13

“micrometer,” a metric length measurement.

Front 14

Thus, bacteria are really small. In fact, to give you an idea of exactly how small bacteria are, 10,000 of them would fit in the dot of this “i.” Now that's small!

True or False?

Back 14

False. Actually, "only" about 1,000 would fit..... :o)

Front 15

Bacteria have the ability to copy DNA in a mere 20 minutes. True or False?

Back 15

True

Front 16

Bacteria represent the “simplest” form of life on earth! True or False?

Back 16

True. This tiny, complex organism is as simple as life gets.

Front 17

Two different species of bacteria attempt to infect an organism. One bacterium succeeds, while the other is destroyed by the organism's infection-fighting mechanisms. What is most likely the major difference between these two bacteria?

Back 17

The bacterium that succeeded most likely has a capsule while the other does not. In bacteria, the capsule helps to protect the organism from infection-fighting mechanisms.

Front 18

A bacterium is poisoned by a substance that is allowed into the interior of the cell. What bacterial component did not do its job?

Back 18

The plasma membrane did not do its job. Since it regulates what moves in and out of the cell, it should not have allowed the toxin to enter.

Front 19

If a bacterium cannot move, what structure is it missing?

Back 19

It is missing a flagellum. The fimbriae are not for movement; thus, if a bacterium has no flagellum, it cannot move.

Front 20

From a cellular point of view, kingdom Monera is probably the most diverse kingdom in Creation. This is best illustrated by the diversity of eating habits among bacteria. Explain what is so diverse.

Back 20

All life must have a means of converting energy from its surroundings into energy that will sustain the processes necessary for life. There are producers, consumers, and decomposers in kingdom Monera!

Front 21

True or False? Most bacteria are consumers.

Back 21

False! Most bacteria are decomposers.

Front 22

Saprophytic bacteria. Why could these bacteria be celebrated on Earth Day?

Back 22

Without the aid of these microscopic decomposers, many of the materials on earth that are necessary for life would be contained in the bodies of only a few generations of dead organisms. Sapropytic bacteria RECYCLE these materials back into creation so that living organisms can use them!

Front 23

Not all heterotrophic bacteria are saprophytic. So what is the other option?

Back 23

Some bacteria (the ones that cause disease, for example) are parasites.

Front 24

In general, what are two different means by which autotrophic bacteria manufacture their own food?

Back 24

photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Front 25

In green plants and most of the other photosynthetic organisms, the byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen. The photosynthesis that occurs in some bacteria, however, does not have oxygen as a byproduct. Why?

Back 25

This is because the chemicals that those bacteria use in photosynthesis are quite different from the chemicals used in the photosynthesis that is carried out by plants.

Front 26

The main difference between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis is the source of energy. What are each of their energy sources?

Back 26

photosynthesis = energy from sunlight

chemosynthesis = bacteria promote chemical reactions which release energy

Front 27

Why do we breathe?

Back 27

We breathe so that we get the oxygen we need in order to combine molecules with oxygen in a long, complicated chemical process that produces energy.

Front 28

Why are pathogenic bacteria necessary to our planet?

Back 28

Often, a group of organisms gets too large and could destroy the balance of nature. Typically, disease caused by pathogenic bacteria will kill off a large number of the organisms, making sure that the balance of nature remains intact.

Front 29

What are bacteria that do not require oxygen called? Why are they important?

Back 29

Anaerobic organisms, and they are important because If there were no decomposing bacteria in areas without oxygen (like swamp muck), the chemicals in dead organisms would never be recycled back into Creation. Because certain bacteria can be anaerobic, even though there is no oxygen down there, they will decompose the dead organism.

Front 30

What was the purpose of Biosphere 2?

Back 30

It was supposed to be a self-contained system for supporting life; a microcosm of life on earth. It contained a variety of animals and plants and was designed to be completely self-supporting.

Front 31

Why did Biosphere 2 fail?

Back 31

The scientists who designed Biosphere 2 did not take into account the incredibly valuable role that bacteria and other microscopic organisms play in life. Since these microorganisms were not present in the right amounts, Biosphere 2 could not maintain itself.

Front 32

Where is Biosphere 2 and what purpose does it serve now?

Back 32

Arizona, and it is now a hands-on, interactive science museum.

Front 33

Can saprophytic bacteria be autotrophic?

Back 33

No. Saprophytic means that it feeds on dead matter. Autotrophic organisms make their own food.

Front 34

Can an aerobic bacterium be chemosynthetic?

Back 34

Yes. Aerobic and anaerobic deal with how the organism converts its food into useful energy. Chemosynthetic deals with how the organism gets the food to begin with. Thus, the bacterium can make the food chemosynthetically and then convert it to useable energy aerobically.

Front 35

True or False? Bacteria can only reproduce asexually.

Back 35

True.

Front 36

Although there are several ways in which this asexual reproduction can occur, the most popular form for bacteria to asexually reproduce is:

Back 36

binary fission

Front 37

How does asexual reproduction begin?

Back 37

Reproduction begins when the DNA forms a loop attached to the plasma membrane.

Front 38

True or False? The DNA copies itself.

Back 38

True. Since reproduction forms a new living organism, new DNA must be formed.

Front 39

What are the actual steps to reproduction?

Back 39

1. DNA forms a loop attached to the plasma membrane

2.DNA then copies itself

3. the copy attaches to the plasma membrane close to the original

4. The cell wall and plasma membrane then elongate, separating the copy from the original.

5. The cell wall and plasma membrane begin to grow in between the two strands of DNA, eventually closing them off from one another.

Front 40

How do mutations occur?

Back 40

Mutations in asexual reproduction result when the DNA of the parent is not copied correctly.

Front 41

If one bacterium could multiply into more than a billion bacteria in about 10 hours, why don't bacteria multiply out of control?

Back 41

Even though bacteria can populate an area quickly, a limitation of resources will eventually slow the growth of the population until, when all resources run out, the population dies.

Front 42

A population of bacteria grown from a single “starter” bacterium is rather fragile. When conditions are changed, the population dies quickly. Based on what you have just learned, develop a hypothesis for why this is the case.

Back 42

Since asexual reproduction allows no variation in the DNA, an entire population of bacteria started from a single bacterium have all the same traits. If the environment changes, an organism might need new traits to survive. Since the whole population has essentially the same traits, there is no way to get the needed new traits, and the population dies. The variability that exists in sexual reproduction usually makes a population much more resistant to changes in the habitat.

Front 43

A population of bacteria reaches a steady state and then, after several days, the population actually increases dramatically. What could cause such an event?

Back 43

More resources (most likely food) were added to the habitat. The only way you can get population growth after the steady state would be due to an influx of new resources. In our cow example, maybe another cow died and fell on top of the first cow's body!

Front 44

What are the three ways genetic recombination can occur?

Back 44

conjugation,
transformation,
or transduction

Front 45

Why is conjugation different from sexual reproduction? After all, they are engaged in a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.....

Back 45

When two bacteria conjugate, no offspring is formed. Instead genetic information is transferred from a donor bacterium to a recipient.

Also, in most cases of sexual reproduction, each parent contributes DNA, and the offspring's DNA is a blend of parents' DNA. In conjugation among bacteria only one organism donates DNA.

Front 46

Why does this strange process called conjugation occur?

Back 46

Well, in a population of bacteria, there may be a few individuals with traits that are different from the traits of the others. If these traits are desirable, it would benefit the population if they were passed on to its other members.

Front 47

Which bacterium is the one that initiates conjugation? The donor bacterium or the recipient bacterium?

Back 47

Research indicates that the donor bacterium is the one that initiates conjugation.

Front 48

DNA is made up of two strands that are joined in the shape of a double helix. So when a bacterium donates one strand, how does it get the second DNA strand it needs?

Back 48

It turns out that due to the chemical nature of DNA, if an organism has one strand, it can construct the other strand using the first as a template. Thus, as the strand is being transferred, the donor bacterium begins making a second strand for the plasmid to replace the strand that it is donating.

Front 49

A population of bacteria are living in a lake. Due to volcanic activity nearby, the lake's temperature begins to increase. In the population, there are some bacteria that are resistant to low temperatures (call them type A) and another type that are resistant to high temperature (call them type B). Which type will be the donor and which the recipient as the population begins to conjugate?

Back 49

Type B will be the donors and Type A will be the recipients. Since the bacteria will need to survive in high temperatures, they need resistance to high temperatures. That's what will be donated.

Front 50

Other than conjugation, what is another way for a bacterium to obtain a plasmid?

Back 50

Transformation! In this process, a dead bacterium's DNA seems to break into small pieces, and a living bacterium might “sense” that one or more of those pieces contains a trait or traits that it could use. The living bacterium then absorbs what it needs, incorporating the new genetic information as a plasmid.

Front 51

True or False? A virus can pick up DNA from a bacterium during infection and that DNA can be inserted into another bacterium in a subsequent infection.

Back 51

True. This is called Transduction.

Front 52

Boiling water kills bacteria making the water safe to drink. True or False?

Back 52

False. Although boiling water will kill the bacteria, they can actually survive the high temperature for some period of time by producing an endospore.
Once an endospore forms, the bacterium itself might die, but as long as the endospore survives, the bacterium can reform.

Front 53

If bacteria do not have to be a part of a colony to survive, why would they bother being part of a colony at all?

Back 53

Since there is strength in numbers, the bacteria's ability to survive is usually enhanced when they form a colony.

Front 54

What are the most common bacterial colonies made up of, shape-wise?

Back 54

The most common bacterial colonies are made up of either cocci or bacilli bacteria.

Front 55

The shape of the bacteria is indicated in the name. Explain....

Back 55

If the bacteria are spherical, the name ends in “coccus.” If they are rod-shaped, the name ends in “bacillus.”

Front 56

Some colonies will secrete a capsule-like substance. Why do they do this?

Back 56

This substance gives the bacterial colony a slimy feel and holds the colony together. It surrounds and protects the entire colony. (found in places like stagnant ponds)

Front 57

How do other colonies work together to capture and eat prey?

Back 57

A Myxococcus xanthus colony, for example, moves as a unit in search of prey, typically other bacterial colonies. When they find their prey, they engulf it and, as a group, secrete a substance that digests it. The entire colony then feeds on the nutrients.

Front 58

If a streptococcus bacterium is separated from its colony, how does it know which other colony to join?

Back 58

The DNA seems to tell them what colony they should form or join. It won't join up with just any other colony. It will continue to live independently until it can find another streptococcus colony. If it never finds one, it will live out its life as an independent bacterium.

Front 59

A bacterial colony is called staphylobacillus. What shape do the bacteria in the colony possess: spherical, rod-shaped, or helical?

Back 59

They are rod-shaped, since “bacillus” means rod-shaped.

Front 60

When you say that a jar is a "culture"..... what do you mean?

Back 60

Jars are often called cultures when microorganisms are being cultured inside them to produce more microorganisms.

Front 61

Who developed a way to make bacteria show up better under a microscope? When? How?

Back 61

In the late 1800s, a Danish physician named Hans Christian Gram developed several different types of stains, now referred to as Gram stains.

Front 62

Which bacteria look red after the Gram stain?

Back 62

Gram-negative bacteria are the ones that look red after the Gram stain.

Front 63

Which bacteria look blue after the Gram stain?

Back 63

Gram-positive bacteria are the ones that look blue following the Gram stain

Front 64

What causes the different colors?

Back 64

The difference in reaction to a Gram stain is caused by differences in the cell walls of these bacteria. Bacteria which are Gram-positive have cell walls which retain the Gram stain so that it stays in the cell.

Front 65

What is the first way that we separate the organisms in kingdom Monera?

Back 65

The first way we separate the organisms in kingdom Monera, then, is by their cell walls.

Front 66

Gram-negative bacteria belongs to which phylum?

Back 66

Gram-negative belongs to phylum Gracilicutes.

Front 67

Gram-positive bacterium belongs to which phylum?

Back 67

Firmicutes

Front 68

What do you do with the bacteria that have no cell walls at all? How do you classify them?

Back 68

These bacteria are put into phylum Tenericutes.

Front 69

Some bacteria possess cell walls, but the compounds which form these walls are rather different from the compounds that form the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. What phylum do they belong to?

Back 69

Mendosicutes

Front 70

A bacterium has no cell wall. To what phylum does it belong?

Back 70

Tenericutes is the phylum for bacteria without a cell wall.

Front 71

A bacterium is classified as Gram-positive. To what phylum does it belong?

Back 71

Firmicutes contains all Gram-positive bacteria.

Front 72

A bacterium appears red after a Gram stain. To what phylum does it belong?

Back 72

Gracilicutes contains all Gram-negative bacteria. Since the bacterium appears red after the Gram stain, it is Gram-negative.

Front 73

A bacterium has a cell wall that is different from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To what phylum does it belong?

Back 73

Mendosicutes contains all bacteria with exotic cell walls.

Front 74

What are the four phylums in Kingdom Monera?

Back 74

1. Gracilicutes
2. Firmicutes
3. Tenericutes
4. Mendosicutes

Front 75

Phylum Gracilicutes (Gram-negative bacteria) has three classes. How are they separated from one another?

Back 75

We separate members of this phylum based on how they obtain their food.

Front 76

What are the three classes of the phylum Gracilicutes?

Back 76

1. Scotobacteria
2. Anoxyphotobacteria
3. Oxyphotobacteria

Front 77

Many pathogenic bacteria belong in which class of the phylum Gracilicutes?

Back 77

Scotobacteria

Front 78

Which class is made up of photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen? (phylum Gracilicutes)

Back 78

Oxyphotobacteria

Front 79

If a bacteria lives in the sediments of lakes or rivers, which class does it belong to? (phylum Gracilicutes)

Back 79

Anoxyphotobacteria

Front 80

You see blue-green algae (known as cyanobacteria)floating on the top of a stagnant pond.
What class would you classify it as? (phylum Gracilicutes)

Back 80

Oxyphotobacteria because it is made up of photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen.

Front 81

How many classes are in the phylum Firmicutes, and what are they?

Back 81

In phylum Firmicutes, there are only two classes: Firmibacteria and Thallobacteria

Front 82

How are the classes in Firmicutes divided?

Back 82

They are separated based on their shape!

Front 83

Class Firmibacteria contains which shape/shapes?

Back 83

Class Firmibacteria contains cocci and bacilli bacteria.

Front 84

Thallobacteria contains which shape/shapes?

Back 84

Class Thallobacteria is made up of any other shape...

Front 85

Why do the last two phyla ~Tenericutes and Mendosicutes~ have only one class each?

Back 85

This is because there are few bacteria that fall into these phyla.

Front 86

The class Mollicutes..... which phylum does it belong to?

Back 86

Phylum Tenericutes has the class Mollicutes.

Front 87

Mendosicutes contains the class Archaebacteria. Why could this class be considered special?

Back 87

Archaebacteria holds all of the bacteria with exotic cell walls. These exotic cell walls allow members of class Archaebacteria to live in rather odd locations, such as deep-ocean hydrothermal vents or incredibly brackish seas like the Great Salt Lake. Many places that are uninhabitable to other organisms are populated with members of this class.

Front 88

What do the three-domain and six-kingdom classification systems have in common?

Back 88

They split up kingdom Monera.

Front 89

What does Class Archaebacteria use to convert food into energy if they don't have oxygen?

Back 89

They use hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Front 90

True or False? Cyanobacteria and blue-green algae are the same thing.....

Back 90

True.

Front 91

True or False? Blue-green algae isn't really algae.

Back 91

True. These organisms looked like algae, so they were at first incorrectly named as such. Today, we recognize them as colonies of Gram-negative prokaryotic cells and thus classify them in kingdom Monera

Front 92

Clostridium botulinum is responsible for what condition?

Back 92

It can be a source of food poisoning. The endospores that it forms are quite heat resistant, so when food has not been properly cooked, this bacterium can survive. It produces a toxic chemical that causes the disease known as botulism

Front 93

Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteriditis are both forms of the bacteria Salmonella. True or False?

Back 93

True. Remember, once you have written the genus name you can abbreviate it afterward. So the "S." stands for Salmonella.

Front 94

What is the only way to get rid of Salmonella bacteria?

Back 94

The only way to make sure you get rid of them is by cooking the meat or eggs thoroughly enough to kill the bacteria and their endospores.

Front 95

True or False? Salmonella can be very serious... even causing death!

Back 95

True.

Front 96

Escherichia coli is found in your gut. Also known as E. coli, why would you WANT this to be in your gut?

Back 96

1. One of the byproducts of E. coli's metabolism is Vitamin K, a substance your body needs

2. It also secretes a chemical that helps your body digest fat

3. Its activities in your gut actually keep food-borne pathogenic bacteria from colonizing there.

Front 97

So if E. coli has such beneficial aspects to it, why does it give you severe diarrhea?

Back 97

Actually, the E. coli bacterium found in your gut is nonpathogenic, but there are pathogenic forms of E. coli.

Front 98

How can there be both pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli? They are all the same species!?

Back 98

When bacteria develop in different habitats, they can develop different traits.

When two organisms from the same species have markedly different traits, we say that they are from two different strains.

Front 99

True or False? There are only three strains of a bacterial species.

Back 99

False.... there can be many strains of a bacterial species

Front 100

What conditions must be present in order for populations of bacteria to grow?

Back 100

1. Moisture
2. Moderate temperature
3. Nutrition
4. Darkness (some exceptions)
5. The proper amount of oxygen

Front 101

What is the "ideal" time for bacterial growth, and approximately what temperatures are ideal?

Back 101

27 °C - 38 °C (80 °F - 100 °F). This makes summer the most ideal time for bacterial growth.

Front 102

True or False? Bacterial endospores are even in the dust particles that fly through the air.....

Back 102

Yes, this is true.

Front 103

How can you prevent bacterial infections from your food?

Back 103

1. expose the food to extreme heat or radiation and then seal it in a container before exposing it to fresh air

2. dehydrate the food

3. freeze the food

4. refrigerating it will SLOW the growth of bacteria

Front 104

Louis Pasteur developed a process called pasteurization, which he originally used for what purpose? What use is it to us now?

Back 104

He originally used to keep wine from souring, but it is used all of the time now in milk production.

Front 105

Why should milk be covered and refrigerated at all times?

Back 105

Exposure to air will allow bacteria back into the milk.

Front 106

Draw the figure pictured in your study guide and label the individual components.

Back 106

draw figure

Front 107

Describe the functions of each:

plasma membrane
flagellum
capsule
DNA
cytoplasm
cell wall
fimbria
ribosome

Back 107

a. Plasma membrane: To negotiate what materials pass into and out of the cell

b. Flagellum: To move the bacterium from place to place

c. Capsule: To adhere to surfaces as well as to ward off infection-fighting agents

d. DNA: To store the information needed to make an organism a living thing

e. Cytoplasm: To hold the DNA and ribosomes in place

f. Cell wall: To keep the interior of the cell together and to hold the cell’s shape

g. Fimbria: To grasp onto surfaces or another bacterium during conjugation

h. Ribosome: To make proteins

Front 108

What is the most popular means by which bacteria obtain food?

Back 108

Most bacteria are heterotrophic decomposers.

Front 109

If a bacterium is parasitic, is it heterotrophic or autotrophic?

Back 109

Parasites, by definition, feed on something produced by a host. They therefore cannot make their
own food. This makes them heterotrophic.

Front 110

List the basic steps in asexual reproduction among bacteria

Back 110

At first, the DNA loop attaches to a point on the plasma membrane. After that, the DNA is copied,
and the copy is attached to a point on the plasma membrane near the original. Then, the cell wall
elongates, which separates the two loops of DNA. Once they are sufficiently separated, new cell wall
and plasma membrane material grow, closing the two loops off from each other. Eventually, the cell
wall and plasma membrane pinch down, forming two cells where there was only one before.

Front 111

A sample of food is dehydrated, which kills all of the bacteria. However, in a few days, bacteriafree
water is added to the food in a bacteria-free environment. Nevertheless, microscopic
investigations indicate that bacteria are in the food. How did the bacteria get there?

Back 111

The bacteria that are there were in the food as endospores. The bacteria that were in the food before
it was dehydrated formed endospores to survive a little while without water. When water was added to
the food, the conditions were once again favorable for bacteria, so the cells burst from the endospores.

Front 112

. What kind of growth does a population of bacteria experience when just a few of them are placed in
an environment rich with resources?

Back 112

If the environment is rich with resources and there are only a few bacteria, the population will
experience exponential growth, because there is nothing to limit their reproduction.

Front 113

A population of bacteria experiences logistic growth. What can you say about the resources of their
environment?

Back 113

Since the growth is logistic, the resources are limited but do no run out. If the resources ran out, the
population would experience a decline, and that is not a part of logistic growth.

Front 114

. Even though genetic recombination among bacteria does not result in offspring, it can significantly
affect the growth of the population. Why?

Back 114

Genetic recombination can pass a trait from one bacterium to another. If that trait allows the
recipient to survive conditions that it otherwise wouldn’t, the population is affected, because the
recipient continues to live and reproduce asexually

Front 115

What are the technical names of the three common bacterial shapes?

Back 115

Coccus - Spherical
Bacillus - Rod-shaped
Spirillum - Helical

Front 116

A bacterium is heterotrophic and Gram-negative. To what phylum and class does it belong?

Back 116

. If it is Gram-negative, it is in phylum Gracilicutes. In this phylum, two classes contain
photosynthetic bacteria, which are autotrophs. Since this bacterium is heterotrophic, it must belong to
the only other class, class Scotobacteria.

Front 117

A spirillum bacterium is Gram-positive. To what phylum and class does it belong?

Back 117

Gram-positive means phylum Firmicutes. Since it is spirillum-shaped, it is neither coccus nor
bacillus. Thus, it is in class Thallobacteria.

Front 118

A bacterium has no cell wall. To what phylum and class does it belong?

Back 118

. Bacteria with no cell walls belong to the phylum Tenericutes, which has only one class, class
Mollicutes

Front 119

A bacterium lives in boiling-hot water. To what phylum and class does it most likely belong?

Back 119

This bacterium most likely is in phylum Mendosicutes and class Archaebacteria, because bacteria
with exotic cell walls can survive conditions that other organisms cannot.

Front 120

In the six-kingdom classification system, what replaces kingdom Monera?

Back 120

In the six-kingdom system, kingdom Monera is split into kingdom Archaebacteria and kingdom
Eubacteria.

Front 121

. What conditions are ideal for most bacteria to grow and reproduce?

Back 121

To grow and reproduce, ideal conditions for most bacteria include: Moisture, moderate
temperatures, nutrition, darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen.

Front 122

What methods exist for reducing the chance of bacterial contamination of food?

Back 122

To reduce the chance of bacterial infection you can:

a) Heat the food so that most bacteria die and then seal it away from fresh air.
b) Dehydrate the food.
c) Freeze the food.
d) Pasteurize the food.
e) Keep it in the refrigerator.