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124 Cards in this Set

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Define pathogen.
A pathogen is organism that causes disease.
Are organisms from the kingdom Monera prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Organisms from the kingdom Monera are prokaryotic. Their cells have no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Two different species of bacteria attempt to infect an organism. One bacterium succeeds, while the other is destroyed by the organism's infection-fighting mechanisms. What is most likely the major difference between these two bacteria?
The bacterium that succeeded most likely has a capsule while the other does not. In bacteria, the capsule helps to protect the organism from infection-fighting mechanisms.
Same name as the outside of a pill
Who crafted the first microscope?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek crafted the first microscope in the 1670s.
Define fimbriae.
Fimbriae are fibrous bristles typically used by a bacterium for grasping.
What are the three parts of a flagellum?
The flagellum is comprised of the filament, the hook, and the basal body.
Define micrometer.
A micrometer is one millionth of a meter.
A bacterium is poisoned by a substance that is allowed into the interior of the cell. What bacterial component did not do its job?
The plasma membrane did not do its job. Since it regulates what moves in and out of the cell, it should not have allowed the toxin to enter.
If a bacterium cannot move, what structure is it missing?
If a bacterium cannot move, it is missing a flagellum.
Define saprophyte.
A saprophyte is an organism that feeds on dead matter.
What is another name that scientists sometimes call the kingdom Monera?
Scientists also call the kingdom Monera by the term Prokaryota (pro kehr ee aht' uh).
What general name can essentially be applied to all of the organisms in kingdom Monera?
All of the organisms in kingdom Monera can be called bacteria (singular is bacterium).
What are false-color images?
False-color images have color added after the image was acquired and do not reflect reality. They are simply there for contrast.
Define cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is a semifluid substance found inside the plasma membrane. Cytoplasm exists throughout the interior of the cell, supporting the DNA and the ribosomes.
What are ribosomes?
Ribosomes are chemical factories that make special chemicals known as proteins.
What is important about Cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria use photosynthesis to make their own food, and that gives us oxygen to breathe.
What is the purpose of a bacterium's capsule?
The capsule is the bacterium's protective layer which tends to deter infection-fighting agents.
What is the purpose of a bacterium's cell wall?
The bacteria's cell wall holds the contents of the bacterium together, regulates the amount of water that a bacterium can absorb, and holds the cell into one of three basic shapes: spherical, rod-shaped, and helical.
What are sex pili?
Sex pili grasp other bacteria as a part of reproduction.
Define parasite.
A parasite is an organism that feeds on a living host.
What are two different means by which autotrophic bacteria manufacture their own food?
There are two different means by which autotrophic bacteria manufacture their own food: photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
How do chemosynthetic bacteria manufacture their food?
In chemosynthesis, rather than using energy that comes from sunlight, the bacteria promote chemical reactions which release energy.
What is digestion?
In digestion we break down our food into small molecules that our bodies can absorb.
Define aerobic organism.
An aerobic organism is an organism that requires oxygen.
Define anaerobic organism.
An anaerobic organism is an organism that does not require oxygen.
Can saprophytic bacteria be autotrophic?
No. Saprophytic means that it feeds on dead matter. Autotrophic organisms make their own food.
Can an aerobic bacterium be chemosynthetic?
Yes. Aerobic and anaerobic deal with how the organism converts its food into useful energy. Chemosynthetic deals with how the organism gets the food to begin with. Thus, the bacterium can make the food chemosynthetically and then convert it to useable energy aerobically.
Define steady state.
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.
Define exponential growth.
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Define logistic growth.
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
What is the shape of a sigmoidal curve?
A sigmoidal curve,often called a sigmoidal, is S-shaped.
[sig moy' duhl]
A population of bacteria grown from a single “starter” bacterium is rather fragile. When conditions are changed, the population dies quickly. Based on what you have just learned, develop a hypothesis for why this is the case.
Since asexual reproduction allows no variation in the DNA, an entire population of bacteria started from a single bacterium have all the same traits. If the environment changes, an organism might need new traits to survive. Since the whole population has essentially the same traits, there is no way to get the needed new traits, and the population dies. The variability that exists in sexual reproduction usually makes a population much more resistant to changes in the habitat.
A population of bacteria reaches a steady state and then, after several days, the population actually increases dramatically. What could cause such an event?
More resources (most likely food) were added to the habitat. The only way you can get population growth after the steady state would be due to an influx of new resources.
Define conjugation.
Conjugation is a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
What are the three methods of genetic recombination?
Genetic recombination occurs in one of three ways: conjugation, transformation, or transduction.
Define plasmid.
A plasmid is a small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
A population of bacteria are living in a lake. Due to volcanic activity nearby, the lake's temperature begins to increase. In the population, there are some bacteria that are resistant to low temperatures (call them type A) and another type that are resistant to high temperature (call them type B). Which type will be the donor and which the recipient as the population begins to conjugate?
Type B will be the donors and Type A will be the recipients. Since the bacteria will need to survive in high temperatures, they need resistance to high temperatures. That's what will be donated.
Define transformation.
Transformation is the process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.
Define endospore.
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers called the endospore.
How does the name for a spherical bacteria end?
For spherical bacteria, the name ends in “coccus.”
How does the name for a rod-shaped bacteria end?
For rod-shaped bacteria, the name ends in “bacillus.”
A bacterial colony is called staphylobacillus. What shape do the bacteria in the colony possess: spherical, rod-shaped, or helical?
They are rod-shaped, since “bacillus” means rod-shaped.
What color are Gram-negative bacteria after the Gram stain is applied?
Gram-negative bacteria are red after the Gram stain is applied.
What color are Gram-positive bacteria after the Gram stain is applied?
Gram-positive bacteria are blue after the Gram stain is applied.
A bacterium has no cell wall. To what phylum does it belong?
Tenericutes is the phylum for bacteria without a cell wall.
A bacterium is classified as Gram-positive. To what phylum does it belong?
Firmicutes contains all Gram-positive bacteria.
A bacterium appears red after a Gram stain. To what phylum does it belong?
Gracilicutes contains all Gram-negative bacteria. Since the bacterium appears red after the Gram stain, it is Gram-negative.
A bacterium has a cell wall that is different from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To what phylum does it belong?
Mendosicutes contains all bacteria with exotic cell walls.
Phylum Gracilicutes (Gram-negative bacteria) has three classes. What are they?
Phylum Gracilicutes consists of three classes: Scotobacteria, Anoxyphotobacteria and Oxyphotobacteria
What are the two classes in phylum Firmicutes?
The two classes in phylum Firmicutes are Firmibacteria and Thallobacteria.
What class is contained in the Phylum Tenericutes?
Phylum Tenericutes has the class Mollicutes.
What are Archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria (ar kee' uh bak tehr'ee uh), which holds all of the bacteria with exotic cell walls.
What class in contained in the phylum Mendosicutes?
Mendosicutes contains the class Archaebacteria.
Scotobacteria
Scotobacteria (skoh' toh bak tehr'ee uh), is composed of the non-photosynthetic bacteria. Many pathogenic bacteria can be found here.
Anoxyphotobacteria
Anoxyphotobacteria (an ox' ee foh' toh bak tehr'ee uh ), is composed of photosynthetic bacteria that do not produce oxygen. Typically, these bacteria live in the sediments of lakes or rivers.
Oxyphotobacteria
Oxyphotobacteria (ox' ee foh' toh bak tehr'ee uh ), is made up of photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen. The most common example of this class is the blue-green algae (known as cyanobacteria) that you see floating on the top of stagnant ponds.
Class Firmibacteria (fir' muh bak tehr'ee uh) contains cocci and bacilli bacteria.
Class Firmibacteria (fir' muh bak tehr'ee uh) contains cocci and bacilli bacteria.
How are the two classes of bacteria in phylum Firmicutes separated?
These classes are based on their shape.
How would you construct a biological key that separates bacteria into their different classes?
To make a biological key, we ask a series of questions that separate bacteria according to their traits.
If a bacterium has no cell wall, what is its class and phylum?
No cell wall : phylum Tenericutes and class Mollicutes
If a bacterium has cell wall, what is its class and phylum?
You will need to ask further questions to determine its class and phylum.
If a bacterium has a cell wall, and is neither Gram-positive or Gram-negative, what is its class and phylum?
phylum Mendosicutes and class Archaebacteria
If a bacterium has a cell wall, and is Gram-positive or Gram-negative, what is its class and phylum?
You will need to ask further questions to determine its class and phylum.
If a bacterium has a cell wall, and is Gram-positive, what is its phylum?
phylum Firmicutes
If a bacterium has a cell wall, and is Gram-negative, what is its phylum?
phylum Gracilicutes
If a bacterium has a cell wall, is Gram-positive and is Bacillus or coccus in shape , what is its phylum and class?
phylum Firmicutes and class Firmibacteria
six-kingdom system
This system retains kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, and it splits kingdom Monera into two separate kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Define strains.
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits
What conditions must be present in order for populations of bacteria to grow?
Moisture, Moderate temperature, Nutrition, Darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen.
List some ways to prevent bacterial infections from the food we eat.
expose the food to extreme heat or radiation, seal the food in a container, dehydrate it or freeze it
what is pasteurization?
milk is heated either to a moderate temperature of 63 °C (145°F) for thirty minutes or 72 °C (161°F) for 15 seconds. This temperature is not sufficient to kill all of the bacteria; however, after the heating is finished, the milk is quickly cooled to refrigerator temperature. This rapid change in temperature is sufficient for killing about 95% of all bacteria in the milk.
What do you get if you cross a rabbit and a bacterium?
You get a creature that can multiply and divide!
Which weighs more: the combined weight of all microscopic organisms or weight of all other living organisms on earth?
The weight of microscopic organisms far exceeds the combined weight of all other living organisms on earth!
What are the three primary jobs done by the cell wall?
1) The cell wall holds the contents of the bacterium together, 2) regulates the amount of water that a bacterium can absorb, and 3) holds the cell into one of three basic shapes.
What function is served by the plasma membrane?
These chemicals of the plasma membrane regulate what the bacterium takes in from the outside world.
Who crafted a crude magnifying lens which opened the world of microorganisms to science?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – 1675
Are there more cells in your body or bacteria in and on your body?
The number of organisms in kingdom Monera that live in your gut and on your skin is larger than the number of cells in your body!
All members of Kingdom Monera have what cell type?
Prokaryotic cell is a cell that has no distinct, membrane-bound organelles. Many biologists now used the name Kingdom Prokaryota instead of Monera for these organisms.
Are all bacteria harmful?
No. Some are very useful.
An organism which causes disease is called what?
A pathogen or pathogenic.
What holds the contents of the bacterium together and holds the cell into one of three shapes?
The cell wall.
What are three shapes for a bacteria cell wall?
spherical: also known as coccus, the plural of which is cocci.

rod-shaped: also known as bacillus, the plural of which is bacilli

helical: also known as spirillum, the plural of which is spirilla
What does the capsule do?
This capsule is usually made up of a sticky substance which helps the bacteria adhere to surfaces. Additionally, the capsule is a protective layer than tends to deter infection-fighting agents.
Which part of the bacteria contains phospholipids which are "sandwiched" between proteins?
The plasma membrane.
Where is the cytoplasm found?
Inside the plasma membrane.
What does the bacterium use its fimbriae for?
Fimbriae are used for grasping. Either they grasp surfaces to help the bacteria adhere to them (as an aid to the sticky capsule), or they grasp other bacteria as a part of reproduction (for some bacteria). If they are used in reproduction, they are called sex pilli.
What does the bacterium use its flagellum for?
Locomotion: moving the bacterium from one place to another is accomplished by this unique structure.
How is a parasite different than a consumer?
A consumer devours an organism which is either living or dead. Parasite lives on the living organism and may cause its death, but does not devour the host.
What is the difference between chemosynthetic and photosynthetic bacteria?
One uses sunlight for energy the other does not. Chemosynthetic bacteria use a different process for the manufacture of their food. The main difference between that process and photosynthesis is the source of energy. In chemosynthesis, rather than using energy that comes from sunlight, the bacteria promote chemical reactions which release energy. The bacteria then use that energy, along with another set of chemicals, to manufacture their food.
The process by which food is converted into useable energy for life functions is called what?
Respiration. In human beings, we usually think of respiration as breathing; but for people, breathing is only one step in a long process that converts food into useful energy.
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen anaerobic respiration does not.
Without the actions of saprophytic bacteria want would happen to life on earth?
Without the saprophytic bacteria, the chemicals necessary for life would not be recycled from dead organisms to live ones. As a result, in just a few generations, it would be impossible for life to exist on the planet.
What is the first step in bacterial asexual reproduction?
DNA forms a loop and attaches to a point on the plasma cell membrane.
In which step do the two strands of DNA separate and a new cell wall and plasma membrane begin to grow closing the two strands off from each other?
The fourth step.
Is the DNA in the daughter cell always an exact copy of the parent's DNA in the new cell formed?
Yes. By definition, asexual reproduction always produces an exact duplicate; however, it is during reproduction that bacteria are most susceptible to mutagenic materials and UV light.
In a bacterial population, how do you know when a steady state is reached?
When the number of new bacteria that form equals the number of bacteria that die a steady state has been reached.
What is the big difference between sexual reproduction in bacteria and sexual reproduction as we usually think of it?
There is no real offspring (baby) produced. The bacterial cell that received the DNA asexually reproduces producing daughter cells that have the new DNA.
The temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer is called what?
Conjugation is the temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Why is transformation considered reproduction?
Transformation is considered a reproductive mechanism because traits have been passed from one bacterium (a dead one) to another bacterium (a living one).
Why would a bacterium form an endospore?
The conditions became too harsh for its survival as a bacterium. The bacteria forms and endospore and goes dormant.
What do we call a “simple association” of bacterial cells?
A colony is a “simple association” of bacterial cells.
A bacterium is separated from the rest of its colony. Will it be able to survive on its own?
Yes. In a bacterial colony, the individual bacteria group together, but they all still exist as individuals. If the colony gets broken apart, the individual bacteria can still live and function.
A bacterial colony is called acinobacillus. Are the individuals spherical, rod-shaped, or helical?
Rod-shaped. The bacillus ending indicates a rod-shaped bacterium.
A bacterial colony which has eight spherical cells arranged in a cube is called what?
Sarcinacoccus.
A bacterium colony that has numerous, rod-shaped cells, arranged in a grape-like clusters is called what?
Staphylobacillus
What is special about a Myxococcus xanthus colony?
A Myxococcus xanthus colony moves as a unit in search of prey, typically other bacterial colonies. When they find their prey, they engulf it and, as a group, secrete a substance that digests it. The entire colony then feeds on the nutrients.
What determines whether a bacterium will be a colony dweller or not?
Their DNA tells them what colony they should form. In other words, if two spherical bacteria end up close to one another, they will not necessary form a diplococcus colony. Their DNA determines whether they want to exist as an independent bacterium or as the member of a colony. Furthermore, if the bacterium has the DNA of a colony-dweller, the DNA determines what kind of colony it will live in.
Who developed the Gram stain technique?
A Danish physician named Hans Christian Gram. In order to make them show up better under a microscope, he developed several different types of stains, one of which was the Gram-stain
Gram-positive bacteria are what color?
Gram-positive bacteria are blue following the Gram stain and Gram-negative bacteria are red after the Gram stain.
What difference in the bacterium's cell structure gives rise to them being either Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
The difference in reaction to Gram stain is caused by differences in the cell walls of the bacteria.
To what phylum do Gram-positive bacteria belong?
phylum Firmicutes
A bacterium is Gram-negative and a consumer. Classify it.
Kingdom Monera. phylum Gracilicutes, and class Scotobacteria
A bacterium has no cell wall and is a consumer. Classify it.
Kingdom Monera, phylum Tenericutes, and class Mollicutes
Bacteria with exotic cell walls fall into what phylum and class?
Kingdom Monera, phylum Mendosicutes, and class Archaebacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi is Gram-negative and non-photosynthetic. What are its kingdom, phylum, and class?
Kingdom Monera, phylum Gracilicutes, and class Scotobacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae is Gram positive. Into what kingdom, phylum, and class does it belong? What can you tell from its name about its colony shape?
Kingdom Monera, phylum Firmicutes, and class Firmibacteria. That the colony is chain of bacterial cells.
What by-products do members of class Archaebacteria produce as a part of their cellular respiration?
Methane gas.
What is the new name for blue green algae?
The new name for them is cyanobacteria.
What is special about cyanobacteria's metabolism?
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, and are one of the few types of bacteria that require light in order to survive.
What bacterium, which is Gram-positive and rod shaped, causes food poisoning?
Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium, which belongs to class Firmibacteria in phylum Firmicutes, is one of the principal agents of food poisoning.
Which organism mentioned in the text belongs to phylum Gracilicutes, class Scotobacteria, and has one strain which is pathogenic and one strain which is non-pathogenic to humans?
Escherichia coli. The E. coli bacterium found in your gut is non-pathogenic, there are pathogenic forms of E. coli. If you are infected with pathogenic E. coli, it can give you severe diarrhea.
What are the five conditions required for bacterial growth?
Moisture, Moderate temperature, Nutrition, Darkness, Oxygen
Pasteurization interferes with which requirement for bacterial cell growth?
In the pasteurization process, milk is either heated to a moderate 63 degrees C (145 degrees F) for thirty minutes or 72 degrees C (161 degrees F) for 15 seconds.
Does Pasteurization kill all bacteria in milk?
This temperature is not sufficient to kill the bacteria, however, after the heating is finished, the milk is then quickly cooled to refrigerator temperature. This rapid change in temperature is sufficient for killing about 95% of all bacteria in the milk, because the bacteria do not have time to adapt to the new, cooler temperature.