Apolgia Biology Module 9 Study Guide

Front 1

Where did Darwin do most of the work which led to his hypothesis of evolution?

Back 1

He did most of his research while he was on board the HMS Beagle. True, it took him years after leaving the Beagle before publishing, but that was mostly because of his wife's urgings not too publish. Although he made most of his observations that led to his theory on the Galapagos archipelago, it was on the ship that he did most of the work.

Front 2

Did Darwin ever recant his scientific beliefs?

Back 2

NO. Stories like that are not true.

Front 3

What was the main idea that thomas Malthus's work gave to Darwin?

Back 3

MALTHUS BELIEVED IN A CONSTANT STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL. Without this idea of a constant struggle, Darwin would never have come up with the concept of natural selection.

Front 4

What was the main idea that Sir Charles Lyell's work gave to Darwin?

Back 4

LYELL came up with the idea that the PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE PAST. HE THOUGHT THAT THE ENTIRE GEOLOGICAL GEOLOGICAL COLUMN could be explained by referring to the same processes that we see happening today. Darwin basically took the same idea and applied it to his hypothesis. he said that the variation we see in nature is the result of the variations that occur in reproduction (which we see today) operating over eons of time.

Front 5

What age-old was Darwin able to dispel with his research?

Back 5

DARWIN DISPELLED THE IDEA OF THE IMMUTABILITY OF THE SPECIES. By showing the evidence for microevoluation, Darwin was able to show that species did change.

Front 6

Suppose a herd of horses were living in an area where food near there ground was scarce, but there was plenty of food in the trees. If, after several generations, the horses gave rise to giraffes that could easily reach the food in the trees, would this be an example of microevoluation or macroevoluation?

Back 6

MACROEVOLUTION - to go from a horse to a giraffe, there would need to be a lot added to the genetic code

Front 7

Consider a fish population that is trying to survive under conditions of extremely cold water. If, over several generation, the fish develop thicker fat layers under their skin for better insulation, is this an example of microevolution or macroevolution?

Back 7

MICROEVOLUTION - the fish remain fish; they have just varied their phenotype. this is a variation within the genetic code.

Front 8

From a genetic point of view, what is the main difference between microevolution and macroevoluation?

Back 8

In MICROEVOLUTION, the SAME GENETIC CODE EXISTS THROUGHOUT THE CHANGE. The changes that occur are simply the result of variation within that genetic code. In order for MACROEVOLUTION to occur, information must be added to the genetic code, essentially CREATING A NEW GENETIC CODE.

Front 9

In this module, we studied four main sets of data: the geological column, the fossil record, structural homology, and molecular biology. For each set of data, indicate whether it is evidence for or against macroevolution or it is inconclusive. Briefly explain why.

Back 9

DATA SET
GEOLOGICAL COLUMN - This data is inconclusive as far as macroevolution is concerned.
THE FOSSIL RECORD - This data is strong evidence against macroevolution.
STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY - This data is strong evidence against macroevoluation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - This data is strong evidence against macroevoluation.

Front 10

Name two creatures that macroevolutionists claim are intermediate links and why they are not really intermediate links.

Back 10

AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS is supposed to be an intermediate link between man and ape. However, every bone that we have found of this creature indicates it is an ape. Thus, it is safest to assume that it is an ape. ARCHAEOPTERYX is supposed to link birds and reptiles, but once again the fossils tell us it is just a bird.

Front 11

What is the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION? Why is it a problem for macroevoluation?

Back 11

The Cambrian Explosion refers to the fact that EVERY MAJOR ANIMAL PHYLUM IN CREATION CAN BE FOUND IN CAMBRIAN ROCK. Thus, it is like there was an "explosion" of life. IT PRESENTS TWO PROBLEMS FOR MACROEVOLUTION: (1) There is no way macroevolutionists can understand how macroevolution proceeded so quickly during those times. (2) There are just no intermediate links. In some parts of the geological column, you can find highly-questionable intermediate links, but they are at least something. In Cambrian rock, it just looks like the fossils appeared suddenly.

Front 12

What are the four ways a bacterium can become resistant to an antibiotic?

Back 12

A bacterium can become resistant too antibiotics by CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION, or MUTATION.

Front 13

If a bacterium has a mutation that makes it resistant to an antibiotic, does information get added to its genetic code?

Back 13

NO INFORMATION IS ADDED. In fact, in those cases studied, information is destroyed, leading to non-working or less efficient systems that just happen to make the bacterium resistant.

Front 14

Consider the following amino acid sequences that make up a small portion of a protein:

a. Gly-Ile-Gly-Gly-Arg-His-Gly-Gly-Glu (NH2)-Glu-Glu(NH2)-Ala-Arg-Lys
b. Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Arg-Lys-Ser-Gly-Glu(NH2)-Gly-Glu(NH2)-Ala-Arg-Lys
c. Leu-Ile-Gly-Gly-Arg-His-Ser-Gly-Glu(NH2)-Ala-Glu(NH2)-Arg-Arg-Arg
Which protein would you expect to be the most similar to a protein with the following subset of amino acids?

Gly-Ile-Phe-Gly-Arg-His-Ser-Gly-Glu(NH2)-Ala-Glu(NH2)-Arg-Arg-Lys

Back 14

The most similar protein will be the one with the fewest difference in sequence. The protein in (a) has 5 amino acids different from the protein of interest, the protein in (b) has 4 differences and the one in (c) has 3. Thus, the protein in (c) is most similar.

Front 15

Based on macroevolutionary assumptions, which organism's cytochrome C should most resemble that of a yeast: a kangaroo or a bacterium?

Back 15

A BACTERIUM'S CYTOCHROME C should resemble a yeast's more than a kangaroo's does, because, according to evolutionists, the yeast evolved rather early after the bacterium, but the kangaroo came much, much later. In fact, however, the bacterium's cytochrome C sequence is more similar to the kangaroo's than it is the yeast's!

Front 16

What main problem with Darwin's hypothesis did neo-Darwinism hope to solve?

Back 16

Neo-Darwinsim hoped to provide a mechanism by which information could be added to the gentic code of an orgaism. This was something Darwin's original hypothesis could not do.

Front 17

What problem with Darwin's hypothesis did PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM attempt to solve?

Back 17

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM attempts to explain away the fact tha tthe fossil record is devoid of any real intermediate links.

Front 18

How would an adherent to punctuated equilibrium explain the lack of intermediate links in the fossil record?

Back 18

He would say that since the transition from species to species takes such a short amount of time there is virtually no chance of an intermediate link being fossilized.

Front 19

What problems mentioned in this module still exist for those who believe in punctuated equilibrium?

Back 19

Structural homology and molecular biology still say that macroevolution (even by punctuated equilibrium) could not have happened.