A&pl 1 - Bones, Articulations, Etc.

Front 1

hyaline cartilage

Back 1

scattered chondrocytes, homogeneous matrix. fibers are present but not visible microscopically.

Front 2

elastic cartilage

Back 2

numerous chondrocytes, matrix has many thread-like elasitc fibers.

Front 3

fibrocartilage

Back 3

few chondrocytes, matrix contains large, wavy bundles of collagen fibers.

Front 4

haversian (central) canal

Back 4

canal in center of each osteon, has blood vessels that service all osteocytes of system.

Front 5

lamellae

Back 5

concentric rings of calcified matrix around haversian (central) canal.

Front 6

canaliculi

Back 6

small channels coming out from haversian (central) canal to lacunae, & from lacuna to lacuna.

Front 7

medullary (marrow cavity)

Back 7

hollow cavity located in a long bone, covered by spongy bone.

Front 8

endosteum

Back 8

membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

Front 9

periosteum

Back 9

dense connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bone. attachment site for tendons & ligaments.

Front 10

perforating (sharpey's) fibers

Back 10

reinforce attachment of tendons to periosteum. blood enters & leaves through this.

Front 11

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Back 11

80. (skull, vertebral column, rib cage).

Front 12

ligament

Back 12

band of connective tissue that holds the bones of an articulation together.

Front 13

tendon

Back 13

strip of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Front 14

depression

Back 14

articulates with a bump found on another bone.

Front 15

process

Back 15

extension of bone away from bones surface. (spinous process, transverse process).

Front 16

condyle

Back 16

rounded eminence that articulates w/ depression or fossa on another bone. (medial condyle, lateral condyle).

Front 17

epicondyle

Back 17

raised, rounded areas located above condyle. (medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle)

Front 18

trochanter

Back 18

very large, rough, raised area found on femur. (greater trochanter, lesser trochanter)

Front 19

tuberosity

Back 19

similar to trochanter but smaller. (gluteal tuberosity [on femur]).

Front 20

tubercle

Back 20

small, rounded eminence. (adducter tubercle [on femur]).

Front 21

crest

Back 21

narrow ridge of bone.

Front 22

spine

Back 22

sharp, slender projection.

Front 23

head

Back 23

rounded, enlarged end of long bone. sits atop narrow portion (neck).

Front 24

fossa

Back 24

shallow depression that usually articulates w/ condyle or head of another bone. a.k.a. cavities.

Front 25

foramen (pl. foramina)

Back 25

hole for passage of nerves, blood vessels, or spinal cord.

Front 26

meatus

Back 26

canal-like passage way

Front 27

facet

Back 27

smooth, flat area.

Front 28

mandibular fossa

Back 28

articulates with condyle on lower jaw to form TMJ.

Front 29

foramen magnum

Back 29

large hole in inferior surface of skull, sllows for passageway of spinal cord.

Front 30

occipital condyles

Back 30

located on each side of foramen magnum, articulates w/ fossa on 1st cervical vertebra (atlas)

Front 31

coronal suture

Back 31

btwn frontal & each parietal

Front 32

sagittal suture

Back 32

where parietal bones meet @ midline.

Front 33

squamosal suture

Back 33

btwn inferior border of paritel bone & superior border of sphenoid & temporal bones.

Front 34

lambdoidal suture

Back 34

btwn occipital & both parietals.

Front 35

wormian bones

Back 35

small islets of bone that form within a suture, most common in lamboidal suture.

Front 36

fontanels

Back 36

unossified membrane on fetal skull at birth, allow for compression during birth. (anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, anteriolateral fontanel, posteriolateral fontanel).

Front 37

crista galli

Back 37

part of ethmoid bone on cranial floor, vertical projection. attachment site for dura matter.

Front 38

cribiform plate

Back 38

part of ethmoid bone on cranial floor, lateral to crista galli, has numerous holes for olfactory nerves btwn nasal cavity & brain.

Front 39

sella turcica

Back 39

small depression in middle of sphenoid, where pituitary gland resides.

Front 40

optic foramina

Back 40

2 small openings @ anterior, lateral edges of sella turcica. passage for optic nerves.

Front 41

lesser wings

Back 41

arrow, prominent ridge immediately anterior to sella turcica. joins sphenoid to frontal & ethmoid.

Front 42

greater wings

Back 42

large, posterior part of sphenoid. joins sphenoid to temporal & occipital.

Front 43

maxilla/mandible

Back 43

upper jaw/lower jaw.

Front 44

palatine process

Back 44

part of upper jaw, horozontal projections forming anterior 2/3 of hard palate (roof of mouth)

Front 45

palatine bones

Back 45

unite @ midline to form posterior 1/3 of hard palate.

Front 46

temporal process

Back 46

long, slender process that fuses w/ maxilla to form zygomatic arch.

Front 47

perpendicular plate

Back 47

form upper portion of nasal septum, part of ethmoid.

Front 48

mantal foramina

Back 48

small hole on mandible for passage of nerves & blood vessels.

Front 49

hyoid bone

Back 49

horse-shoe shaped, inferior to mandible. held in place by ligaments. attachment site for tongue & mouth muscles.

Front 50

notches

Back 50

openings on superior & inferior sides of vertebrae, passage for spinal nerves.

Front 51

pedicle

Back 51

btwn centrum (body) & transverse process.

Front 52

superior & inferior articular facets

Back 52

flat surface where vertebrae articulate w/ other vertebrae.

Front 53

C-1 (atlas)

Back 53

1st of cervical vertebrae, allows rocking of head from front to back.

Front 54

C-2 (axis)

Back 54

2nd of cervical vertebrae,serves as pivot point for atlas, allows rotation of atlas/head. (how to tell apart from C-1: has bump called "dens" or "odontoid process" at top).

Front 55

How many vertebrae are contained in the:
cervical
thoracic
lumbar

curvatures?

Back 55

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5

Front 56

true ribs/false ribs

floating ribs

Back 56

first 7/ last 5

last 2 pairs of ribs in false ribs, do not connect to sternum.

Front 57

borders of scapula:

superior, vertebral, axillary

Back 57

superior = top
vertebral = medial
axillary = lateral

Front 58

acromioclavicular joint

Back 58

where clavicle joins acromion.

Front 59

glenoid cavity (fossa)

Back 59

depression that forms socket for head of humerus.

Front 60

coracoid process

Back 60

projection above glenoid cavity.

Front 61

sternal extremity

Back 61

articulates w/ manubrium @ sternoclavicular joint (where clavicle meets sternum).

Front 62

acromial extremity

Back 62

articulates w/ acromion of scapula.

Front 63

trochlea

Back 63

spool shaped structure @ bottom of humerus, inferior to olecranon fossa.

Front 64

capitulum

Back 64

condyle on lateral, inferior portion of humerus. articulates w/ head of radius. directly next to trochlea.

Front 65

ulna/radius

Back 65

medial/lateral bones of forearms. when in anatomical position, your radius is furthest from midline, shorter of the 2.

Front 66

Carpals:

SLTP
TTCH

Back 66

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

Front 67

femur

Back 67

upper bone of leg

Front 68

tibia

Back 68

medial bone of lower leg, bears entire weight of body.

Front 69

medial malleolus

Back 69

pointed projection on tibia at distal end, articulates with talus of foot.

Front 70

fibula

Back 70

lateral bone of lower leg.

Front 71

lateral malleolus

Back 71

pointed projection of fibula at distal end.

Front 72

How many bones are in the foot?
tarsal
metatarsal
phalanges

Back 72

tarsal (ankle) = 7
metatarsal (sole) = 5
phalanges (toes) = 14

Front 73

How many bones are in the hand?
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges

Back 73

carpal (wrist) = 8
metacarpal (palm) = 5
phalanges (fingers) = 14

Front 74

talus

Back 74

big, rounded bone in ankle. articulates w/ tibia.

Front 75

calcaneus

Back 75

largest of the tarsals, forms heel. below & lateral to talus.

Front 76

navicular

Back 76

directly below & medial to talus.

Front 77

cuboid

Back 77

directly lateral to navicular, anterior to calcaneus.

Front 78

cuneiforms

Back 78

3 total, anterior to navicular. known as 1st, 2nd, 3rd from medial to lateral.

Front 79

dorsum / plantar

Back 79

dorsum = viewing the top of foot.

plantar = viewing bottom of foot.

Front 80

synovial joints.
how are they held together?

Back 80

offer greatest degree of movement possible.
articulating bones are held together by ligaments.

Front 81

humeroscapular joint

Back 81

"shoulder joint". where head of humerus meets glenoid cavity of scapula. most freely moving.

Front 82

how is the humeroscapular joint attached to the axial skeleton?

Back 82

via the clavicle.

Front 83

How many ligaments are in the humeroscapular joint?

Back 83

8 total.
(1 acromioclavicular,
2 coracoclavicular,
1 coracoacromial,
3 glenohumeral,
1 coracohumeral).

Front 84

acromioclavicular ligament

Back 84

1. from acromion of scapula to acromial extremity of clavicle.

Front 85

coracoclavicular ligament

Back 85

2. from coracoid process of scapula to clavicle.

Front 86

corracoacromial ligament

Back 86

1. from coracoid process of scapula to acromial extremity of clavicle.

Front 87

glenohumeral ligament

Back 87

3. anatomical neck of humerus to scapula.

Front 88

coracohumeral ligament

Back 88

coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus.

Front 89

tibiofemoral joint

Back 89

knee joint, most complex joint in body, most vulnerable to damage.

Front 90

meniscus

Back 90

fibrocartilage attached to flat top of tibia, shock absorbers. joined together via transverse ligament.

Front 91

intracapsular ligaments

Back 91

inside of joint cavity of knee. 2 types called "cruciate" because they cross over each other.

Front 92

ACL / anterior cruciate ligament

Back 92

prevents forward sliding of tobia across femur & hyperextension.

Front 93

PCL / posterior cruciate ligament

Back 93

(intracapsular). prevents backward displacement of tibia or forward sliding of femur. attaches to lateral meniscus, therefore much damage done to this ligament results in tearing of lateral meniscus.

Front 94

extracapsular ligaments

Back 94

outside of knee joint cavity. 3 kinds (patellar, fibular, tibial collateral). all serve to stabalize knee when fully extended & preventing hyperextension.

Front 95

patellar ligament

Back 95

(extra). cont of quad tendon. strengthens anterior aspect of knee.

Front 96

fibular collateral ligament

Back 96

(extra). from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula. strengthens lateral aspect of knee.

Front 97

tibial collateral ligament

Back 97

from medial cepicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia. strengthens medial aspect of knee. firmly attached to medial meniscus.

Front 98

How much vertical pressure can the knee absorb?

Back 98

7 times body weight.