Apk2100C Module 8

Front 1

nervous system vs endocrine system

Back 1

nervous: electrical, fast, specific

endocrine: chemical, slower, less specific

Front 2

how is nervous system more specific?

Back 2

reaches effector organs physically attached to nerve

Front 3

how is endocrine system less specific

Back 3

hormones circulate entire body searching for organs with those hormone receptors

Front 4

2 divisions of the nervous system

Back 4

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 5

CNS consists of

Back 5

brain and spinal cord

Front 6

PNS consists of

Back 6

neural tissue outside CNS

Front 7

afferent refers to

Back 7

sensory

Front 8

efferent refers to

Back 8

motor

Front 9

through where does spinal cord exit?

Back 9

foramen magnum- beginning of cord

Front 10

extension above foramen magnum =

Back 10

brain stem

Front 11

spinal reflex arc

Back 11

fibers that skip brain

survival mechanism

Front 12

how many cervical n

Back 12

8

Front 13

how many spinal n

Back 13

12

Front 14

how many lumbar n

Back 14

5

Front 15

how many sacral n

Back 15

5 fused

Front 16

meninges (spinal)

Back 16

specialized membranes surround spinal cord

provide physical stability and shock absorption

Front 17

3 layers of meninges

Back 17

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

Front 18

dura mater

Back 18

tough outer fibrous layer of meninges

Front 19

arachnoid

Back 19

middle layer of meninges

Front 20

pia mater

Back 20

inner delicate layer of meninges

physically attached to structure

removal = destruction

Front 21

epidural space where

Back 21

between walls of dura mater and vertebral canal

Front 22

what is in epidural space

Back 22

region with blood vessels and protective padding of adipose tissue

Front 23

epidural block

Back 23

anesthetics injected in epidural space, temporary sensory loss, sensory and motor paralysis

Front 24

subarachnoid space filled with

Back 24

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 25

subdural space filled with

Back 25

CSF

Front 26

what can doctors do with extracted CSF from spinal cord?

Back 26

see what is going on in the internal part of brain and spinal cord, make diagnosis

Front 27

spinal tap

Back 27

insert needle into subarachnoid space in inferior lumbar region

Front 28

spinal cord enlargens and elongates until

Back 28

about 4 years old

Front 29

what happens to spinal cord after age 4

Back 29

vertebral column continues elongating, spinal cord stops

Front 30

where does spinal cord end

Back 30

around T12-L1 - conus medularis

Front 31

conus medularis

Back 31

around T12-L1

where spinal cord ends

Front 32

what is below conus medularis

Back 32

cauda equina- "tail" of actual nn

Front 33

when do the actual nn of spinal cord end

Back 33

filum terminale

Front 34

filum terminale where

Back 34

slender strand of fibrous tissue from inferior tip of conus medularis to coccygeal ligament

Front 35

filum terminale function

Back 35

provides longitudinal support to spinal cord

Front 36

posterior median sulcus

Back 36

shallow long groove on posterior spinal cord

Front 37

anterior median fissure

Back 37

deeper groove on ant spinal cord

Front 38

superficial white matter contains

Back 38

shiny myelinated axons

Front 39

gray matter contains

Back 39

cell bodies of neuron, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons surrounding narrow central canal

looks like H or butterfly

Front 40

posterior/anterior horns

Back 40

projections of GRAY matter toward outer surface of spinal cord.

Front 41

true or false. after age 4 the vertebral column stops elongating but the spinal cord continues.

Back 41

FALSE. vertebral column continues, spinal cord stops

Front 42

true or false. after age 4 the vertebral column continues elongating but the spinal cord stops.

Back 42

true

Front 43

what divides left and right spinal cord

Back 43

posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure

Front 44

what are spinal cord enlargements

Back 44

conglomeration of gray matter in spinal segments for sensory and motor control of limbs

Front 45

cervical enlargement where and does what

Back 45

C3-T2

provides nn for shoulder and upper limbs

Front 46

lumbar enlargement where and does what

Back 46

T9-T12

provides nn for pelvis and lower limbs

Front 47

afferent fibers enter spinal cord through _______

Back 47

posterior side of dorsal root side

Front 48

swelling aka

Back 48

ganglion

Front 49

where is ganglion located

Back 49

between pedicles of adj vertebrae

Front 50

ganglion

Back 50

swelling of cell bodies of neurons with dendrites

Front 51

where does afferent n go after entering? what it do?

Back 51

through posterior gray horn, synapses (connects) with motor neuron

Front 52

after synapse btw afferent and efferent, where does motor neuron then go?

Back 52

body of motor neuron in anterior gray horn

Front 53

where do all motor neurons leave?

Back 53

anterior gray horn and ventral root

Front 54

true or false. efferent fibers enter on posterior side of dorsal root side.

Back 54

FALSE. afferent fibers enter.

Front 55

true or false. efferent fibers exit on anterior gray horn.

Back 55

true

Front 56

true or false. efferent fibers exit on dorsal root.

Back 56

FALSE. exit on ventral root

Front 57

true or false. efferent fibers exit on ventral root

Back 57

true

Front 58

spinal nerve contains ____ and ______. what is result?

Back 58

dorsal and ventral roots

mix of afferent and efferent fibers

Front 59

3 regions of white matter

Back 59

posterior white columns

anterior white columns

anterior white commissure

Front 60

columns aka

Back 60

funiculi

Front 61

posterior white columns where

Back 61

btw posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus (shallow groove on post spinal cord)

Front 62

anterior white columns where

Back 62

btw anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure (deeper groove on ant spinal cord)

Front 63

anterior white commissure

Back 63

where axons cross from one side to another

Front 64

what interconnects anterior white columns

Back 64

anterior white commissure

Front 65

how did the brain evolve?

Back 65

from inside out

Front 66

oldest part of brain

Back 66

reptilian brain

autonomic nervous system

instinct for primitive survival

Front 67

second brain

Back 67

mammalian brain

limbic system

emotions

Front 68

outermost brain

Back 68

cerebral cortex

declarative knowledge from senses

Front 69

brain meninges layers

Back 69

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Front 70

true or false. dura mater encases entire brain.

Back 70

true

Front 71

falx cerebri

Back 71

separates both lobes of cerebral cortex

Front 72

what is located in subarachnoid space of brain meninges?

Back 72

blood vessels

Front 73

cerebrospinal fluid CSF

Back 73

surrounds brain, cushions neural structures, support

buoyancy, brings nutrients, enhance waste escape

Front 74

why must brain enhance escape of waste?

Back 74

keep environment within correct range- pH, concentration of solvents

Front 75

where is CSF formed

Back 75

choroid plexus

Front 76

arachnoid granulations

Back 76

where CSF is absorbed into venous circulation

Front 77

how often is CSF replaced?

Back 77

about every 8 hours

Front 78

what does blood-brain barrier do

Back 78

isolates neural tissue in CNS from general circulation

Front 79

how does blood-brain barrier form

Back 79

endothelial cells lining CNS capillaries are extensively interconnected by tight junctions to PREVENT DIFFUSION

Front 80

what can diffuse across blood brain barrier

Back 80

lipid soluble compounds- CO2, O2, ammonia, small alcohols

Front 81

gyri what are they, where are they?

Back 81

elevated ridges/bumps that increase SA

on cerebral cortex

Front 82

what separates gyri

Back 82

sulci or fissures

Front 83

sulci

Back 83

shallow depressions

slit/groove on cortex

Front 84

fissures

Back 84

deeper grooves

Front 85

cerebrum

Back 85

processes somatic and motor info

higher mental fxns- conscious thought, intellect, memory

exerts (in)voluntary control over somatic motor neurons

Front 86

true or false. cerebrum contains corpus callosum.

Back 86

TRUE

Front 87

true or false. cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.

Back 87

FALSE. second largest

Front 88

true or false. both cerebrum and cerebellum have 2 hemispheres.

Back 88

true

Front 89

diencephalon aka

Back 89

mammalian brain

Front 90

what is in diencephalon

Back 90

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

Front 91

true or false. mesencephalon contains hypothalamus and thalamus.

Back 91

FALSE. DIencephalon contains hypothalamus and thalamus.

Front 92

infundibulum what it do and where is it

Back 92

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

Front 93

true or false. infundibulum connects thalamus to pituitary gland.

Back 93

FALSE. connects hypothalamus to pit gland

Front 94

true or false. infundibulum connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland.

Back 94

true

Front 95

diencephalon connects _____ and _____

Back 95

cerebrum and brain stem

Front 96

brain stem includes

Back 96

mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 97

brain stem aka

Back 97

ancient brain

Front 98

mesencephalon aka

Back 98

midbrain

Front 99

mesencephalon do what

Back 99

processes visual and auditory data,

controls reflexes triggered by those stimuli,

maintain consciousness

Front 100

pons connects

Back 100

cerebellum and brain stem

Front 101

medulla oblangata connects

Back 101

to spinal cord!

Front 102

pons relay what kind of information to where?

Back 102

relay sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus

Front 103

what do pons contain

Back 103

nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control

Front 104

relationship between pons and medulla oblongata

Back 104

pons adjusts activities of respiratory centers in medulla oblongata

Front 105

medulla oblongata relays what kind of info to where?

Back 105

relays sensory info to thalamus and other parts of brain stem

Front 106

medulla oblongata does what

Back 106

autonomic fxns- heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity

Front 107

corpus callosum

Back 107

between cerebral hemispheres and joins them

Front 108

what separates hemispheres

Back 108

deep longitudinal fissure

Front 109

frontal lobe of brain = _______ cortex

Back 109

primary motor

Front 110

parietal lobe of brain = ____ cortex

Back 110

primary sensory

Front 111

occipital lobe of brain = ______ cortex

Back 111

visual

Front 112

temporal lobe of brain = ______ cortex

Back 112

auditory and olfactory

Front 113

central sulcus separates...

Back 113

motor (anterior brain) and sensory areas (posterior brain) of cortex

Front 114

lateral sulcus between...

Back 114

btw frontal and temporal lobes

Front 115

parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 115

btw parietal and occipital lobes

Front 116

anterior brain associated with motor/sensory?

Back 116

motor area

Front 117

posterior brain associated with motor/sensory?

Back 117

sensory area

Front 118

precentral gyrus of ______ lobe aka ______ cortex

Back 118

frontal lobe aka motor cortex

Front 119

postcentral gyrus of ______ lobe aka _____ cortex

Back 119

parietal lobe aka somatosensory cortex

Front 120

precentral gyrus forms _____ border of _______

Back 120

anterior border of central sulcus (what separates motor and sensory)

Front 121

postcentral gyrus forms ______ border of _____

Back 121

posterior border of central sulcus (what separates motor and sensory)

Front 122

thalamus

Back 122

sensory input

movement and emotions

Front 123

true or false. thalamus is a nucleus complex, with each nucleus playing a specific role.

Back 123

true

Front 124

true or false. hypothalamus is a nucleus complex, with each nucleus playing a specific role.

Back 124

FALSE. thalamus is nucleus complex!

Front 125

where is hypothalamus

Back 125

below and directly in front of thalamus

Front 126

which is bigger hypothalamus or thalamus?

Back 126

thalamus

Front 127

what is connected to hypothalamus

Back 127

infundibulum connects it to pituitary gland.

Front 128

hypothalamus

Back 128

autonomic nervous system- thermal regulation, appetite, sleep-wake cycle

Front 129

what is "endocrine engine"

Back 129

hypothalamus, controls secretions of pituitary gland hormones

Front 130

insular lobe seen how?

Back 130

pull temporal lobe away from parietal lobe at lateral sulcus

Front 131

fornix

Back 131

tract "arch"

Front 132

4 brain ventricles (and associated shape)

Back 132

lateral (C-shaped with tail)

3rd (doughnut-shaped)

4th (pyramid-shaped)

cerebral aqueducts

Front 133

brain ventricles contain _____

Back 133

CSF

Front 134

septum pellucidum aka

Back 134

lateral ventricle

Front 135

lateral ventricle aka

Back 135

septum pellucidum

Front 136

septum pellucidum separates

Back 136

anterior part of right and left lateral ventricles

Front 137

choroid plexus

Back 137

network of capillaries that make CSF

Front 138

optic chiasm

Back 138

where optic nerves criss cross

Front 139

where are cerebral peduncles?

Back 139

midbrain

Front 140

corpora quadrigemina consists of

Back 140

superior and inferior colliculi

Front 141

superior and inferior colliculi where?

Back 141

corpora quadrigemina

Front 142

fibers exit medulla between the ____

Back 142

pyramids and olives

Front 143

on model what is cerebellum

Back 143

brown posterior inferior bump things

Front 144

vermis

Back 144

connects 2 hemispheres of cerebellum