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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe catabolism.
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- breaks down complex molecules by hydrolysis
- is exergonic: produce more energy then they consume. - ATP produced |
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Describe anabolism
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- combines simple molecules into complex ones by dehydration synthesis.
- is endergonic: consumes more energy than produced. - ATP provides energy. - energy may be stored and released later. |
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7. What is function of cellular respiration?
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- the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O, involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
- making ATP either aerobically(36 ATP) or anaerobically (2ATP plus lactic acid) - HEAT is a waste factor in both processes. - aka oxidation-reduction or combustion reactions. "redox" |
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5. What is metabolism?
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- All chemical changes occurring in body.
- Two types: catabolism & anabolism. |
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1. What does glucose do?
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- some oxidized to provide ATP
- some stored as amino acids, glycogen or triglycerides. |
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8. During which state is glycogen formed?
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- glycogenesis.
- a polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage - occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. - It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs. - Also called animal starch. - insulin stimulates hepatocytes & skeletal muscle to make glycogen. |
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What does insulin do?
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Insulin controls the uptake and metabolism of glucose in these cells and plays a major role in regulating the blood glucose concentration.
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What vitamins are needed for Carbohydrate metabolism?
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- B vitamins, which function as coenzymes.
- The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA requires the B vitamins. |
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Where do cells get glucose from?
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only liver and muscle cells store glucose in the form of glycogen. Other body cells must obtain glucose from the bloodstream.
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glyco genesis
glyco genolysis gluco neo genesis |
glyco genesis: glycose storage (liver & muscle)
glyco genolysis: glycogen release (liver hepatocytes) gluco neo genesis:formation of glucose from proteins & fats |
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2. Why are fats important?
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- energy. 9 calories per gram (versus 4/gram for protein&carb)
- source of essential fatty acids, make up hormones, cell membranes - carrier for fat soluble vitamins D,E,A,K - insulate, constant body temp |
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What are apoproteins?
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- the transport form of lipids.
- little balls of lipid molecules, named according to density. chylomicrons: : Small Int, transport dietary fats to adipose tissue VLDL's: hepatocytes LDL's: "bad" can deposit cholesterol in vessels HDL's: "good" removes excess cholesterol & delivers to liver for elimination. |
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3. What does cholesterol do?
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- an essential part of your cellular makeup, fat digestion, the root of vitamin D and many of your hormones.
It is an essential part of your cellular makeup, fat digestion, the root of vitamin D and many of your hormones. - liver produces & regulates. - building blocks for cells and hormones (> 50 percent of the cell membranes) - helps secure important proteins (lipoproteins) in the membrane so they can be carried through the blood stream and absorbed by the body. - high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). - essential for the digestion of fats. - When you ingest fat, your liver converts it to a lipoprotein, which is carried through the body by LDL. LDL can stick to the sides of blood vessels causing plaque buildup.. - a building block to hormones that regulate blood sugar and blood pressure, balance minerals and the many functions of progesterone and estrogen. - a precursor to vitamin D. - sunlight convert the cholesterol that is already in your body to vitamin D. |
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4. What is a complete protein?
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- a complete protein contains all 10 amino acids that body cannot synthesize.
(we can produce the outer 10 amino acids by transanimation) |
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6. What do vitamins do?
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- organic nutrients required in small amts to maintain growth and normal metabolism.
- except for a few exceptions, cannot be made by our bodies. * energize & regulate our metabolism * help form blood clots when we bleed * enable cell growth * help us see in color instead of black and white - do not provide energy, are not building materials. - most are co-enzymes. - no single food contains all vitamins. - fat soluble: DEAK and water soluble B’s and C |
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name six nutrients
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WATER
carbohydrates lipids proteins minerals vitamins |
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18. What are functions of the nose?
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- filter (hair, mucus membrane)
- smell - warms air (capillaries exchange heat with air coming in) - resonance to voice - prevents moisture loss in air going out. |
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9. What makes a person's voice loud?
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- how loud or how soft a voice is depends on the amplitude of vocal fold vibration.
- amount of air passed across the vocal cords. greater pressure, greater volume. - if you want to shout, take a deep breath first. |
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10. What are alveoli cell types and functions?
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- alveolar sac: 2 or + alveoli sharing a common opening
- two types of cells Type 1: most: form nearly continuous lining, main site of gas exchange Type 2: microvilli, secrete surfactant (alveolar fluid). reduces risk of collapse. - Roaming WBC |
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11. Describe make up of the respiratory membrane
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- squamous epithelial cells
type 1 and type 2 in alveolar walls, epithelial basement membrane (thin) capillary basement membrane, capillary (endothelium) squamous epithelial - very, very thin. gasses pass by diffusion. |
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Describe blood supply to lungs (two)
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- bronchial arteries & veins. Bronchial vein (deoxy) dumps into pulmonary vein (oxy)!! !
- lung also receives blood from pulmonary artery for oxygenation. Pulmonary Arteries carry blood to lungs (deoxygenated) Pulmonary Veins carry blood to heart. (oxygenated) |
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8. During which state is glycogen formed?
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- glycogenesis.
- a polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage - occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. - It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs. - Also called animal starch. - insulin stimulates hepatocytes & skeletal muscle to make glycogen. |
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21. how do lungs fill with air?
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- inhalation: diaphragm contracts, chest expands, lungs pulled outward, alveolar pressure decreases. (Boyle’s Law: increase volume, decrease pressure) air just rushes in.
- exhalation: diaphragm relaxes, lungs recoil inward, alveolar pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs. passive process (except in forceful breathing) - Diaphragm contracts, lowers, responsible for 75% of air entering lungs. - Intercostals: contracts, elevates ribs, responsible for 25% of air. - as thorax expands, pleura adhere tightly due to atmospheric pressure and surface tension and are pulled along with expanding thorax. As lung volume increases, alveolar pressure drops. |
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Describe 3 types of respiration
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- external (pulmonary) respiration: gas exchange alveoli & blood
- internal (tissue) respiration: gas exchange capillaries & tissue cells. - cellular respiration - makes ATP (supplied by internal respiration) |
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Name four factors that effect airflow and ease of ventilation:
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1. air pressure
2. surface tension of alveolar fluid: causes alveoli to be small, accounts for 2/3 of elastic recoil, prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation. 3. lung compliance: elastic, expand easily 4. airway resistance: large diameter better. |
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16. What is tidal volume?
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Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied. Typical values are around 500ml
- only 70% reaches respiratory zone. (30% dead air in conducting zone) |
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15. What are causes of hypoxia?
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- lack of oxygen
- elevation, breathing problems, infection, asthma - cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, strangulation, and choking |
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20. what influences Hb saturation?
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- partial pressure - concentration - of O (effected by elevation)
- partial pressure - concentration - of CO2 - ph of blood high acid... low O binding so increasing acidity enhances unloading - temperature: if hot, more O released. if cold, Hb less likely to release O. slows the process, all enzymes slower. - BPG: formed by RBC during glycolysis. encourages release of O by Hb. the harder muscles work, more BPG. - presence of competing substrates (i.e. carbon monoxide) |
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22. What is average respiratory rate of newborn?
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- 44 breaths per minute
- fetal Hb has slighly higer affinity for O - 30% more O carried in blood than child or adult. |
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17. Where are respiratory control centers?
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- medulla and pons
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12. What is function of plurae?
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- pleural fluid lubricates, allows the layers of pleura to slide against each other easily.
- provides the surface tension that keeps the lung surface in contact with the chest wall. - during quiet breathing, the cavity normally experiences a negative pressure (compared to the atmosphere) which helps adhere the lungs to the chest wall, so that movements of the chest wall during breathing are coupled closely to movements of the lungs. - also helps to keep the two lungs away from each other and air tight |
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19. How much 02 is unloaded during one circulation?
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- only about 25% of Oxygen in hemogloben goes into tissues in one circulation of blood
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