A&pii Respiratory System

Front 1

What cartilage forms the Adam's apple?

Back 1

The laryngeal prominence

Front 2

What cartilage is a "lid" for the larynx?

Back 2

The epiglottis

Front 3

What cartilage is shaped like a signet ring?

Back 3

The trachial cartilage

Front 4

connects the larynx to the primary bronchi...

Back 4

trachea

Front 5

site of tonsils...

Back 5

pharynx

Front 6

food passageway posterior to the trachea...

Back 6

esophagus

Front 7

flaps over the glottis during swallowing of food...

Back 7

epiglottis

Front 8

contains the vocal cords...

Back 8

larynx

Front 9

nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration...

Back 9

phrenic nerve

Front 10

pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax...

Back 10

parietal pleura

Front 11

site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood...

Back 11

alveolus

Front 12

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx...

Back 12

opening of auditory tube

Front 13

opening between the vocal folds...

Back 13

glottis

Front 14

increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity...

Back 14

concha

Front 15

separates the oral cavity from the vasal cavity...

Back 15

palate

Front 16

The upper respiratory system consists of the ______, ______ _____, _____ _____, and _____.

Back 16

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.

Front 17

The upper respiratory passageways ____, _____, and _____ in incoming air

Back 17

filter, warm, and humidify

Front 18

Air normally enters through the paired _____ _____, or nostrils, which open into the _____ _____ . The _____ is the space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose.

Back 18

external nares
nasal cavity
vestibule

Front 19

What is made up of portions of the maxillary and palatine bones and forms the floor of the nasal cavity and seperates it from the oral?

Back 19

bony hard palate

Front 20

What is the chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems...

Back 20

The pharynx

Front 21

the _____, and the _____ is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion, chemical attack, and invasion by pathogens.

Back 21

oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Front 22

Inhaled air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through a narrow opening called the ______

Back 22

glottis

Front 23

The _____ is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis.

Back 23

larynx

Front 24

Three large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx: (1) the _______ cartilage, (2) the______ cartilage, and (3) the ______

Back 24

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

Front 25

The ______ cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage and is made of _____ cartilage.

Back 25

thyroid
hyaline

Front 26

The larynx also contains three pairs of smaller hyaline cartilages:
1-)_____, 2-)______, 3-)_____

Back 26

The arytenoid
The corniculate
The cuneiform.

Front 27

articulate with the superior border of the enlarged portion of the cricoid cartilage...

Back 27

arytenoid

Front 28

articulate with the arytenoid cartilages

Back 28

corniculate

Front 29

involved with the opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound

Back 29

The corniculate and arytenoid cartilages

Front 30

The trachea branches within the _____ , giving rise to the _____ and ____ _____ ____

Back 30

mediastinum
right and left primary bronchi

Front 31

The finest partitions, or _____ divide the lung into pulmonary lobules

Back 31

interlobular septa

Front 32

alveolar epithelium consists primarily of simple squamous epithelium. The squamous epithelial cells, called ____ _ ____ are ....

Back 32

Type I cells
unusually thin and delicate

Front 33

What would happen if alveolar walls didn't have surfactant?

Back 33

The surface tension would be so high that the alveoli would collapse.

Front 34

Involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Back 34

Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing

Front 35

Normal interstitial fluid has a of P02 of ...

Back 35

...40 mm Hg

Front 36

...normally has a of PCO2 40 mm

Back 36

Blood entering the systemic circuit

Front 37

rest of the oxygen molecules are bound to _____ molecules -specifically, to ___ ___in the center of heme units

Back 37

hemoglobin ( Hb )
the iron ions

Front 38

______ is the most important chemical regulator of respiration

Back 38

C02

Front 39

An increase in the of arterial blood constitutes _______.

Back 39

hypercapnia

Front 40

The inflation reflex ...

Back 40

prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing.

Front 41

___ ____ are located in the smooth muscle tissue around bronchioles and are stimulated by lung expansion.

Back 41

Stretch receptors

Front 42

The deflation reflex ...

Back 42

...inhibits the expiratory centers and stimulates the inspiratory centers when the lungs are deflating.

Front 43

Refers to the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments suitable for absorption by the digestive epithelium

Back 43

Digestion

Front 44

double sheets of peritoneal membrane

Back 44

mesenteries

Front 45

stabilize the positions of the attached organs and prevent your intestines from becoming entangled during digestive movements or sudden changes in body position.

Back 45

mesenteries

Front 46

a mucous membrane consisting of an epithelium, moistened by glandular secretions, and a lamina propria of areolar tissue.

Back 46

The inner lining, or mucosa , of the digestive tract

Front 47

The stomach, the small intestine, and almost the entire length of the large intestine have a simple columnar epithelium that

Back 47

contains goblet cells.

Front 48

where absorption occurs

Back 48

large intestine

Front 49

Contractions in these layers alter the shape of the lumen and move the epithelial pleats and folds.

Back 49

The Lamina Propria

Front 50

has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Back 50

The submucosa

Front 51

This submucosal plexus is also called the...

Back 51

...plexus of Meissner

Front 52

contains sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers that INNERVATE THE MUCOSA AND SUB-MUCOSA

Back 52

plexus of Meissner

Front 53

the myenteric (mi-en-TER-ik) plexus is in the ...

Back 53

...Muscularis Externa

Front 54

the myenteric plexus is also called the

Back 54

plexus of Auerbach

Front 55

network of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory neurons, interneurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers lies SANDWICHED BETWEEN the CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE layers.

Back 55

the myenteric (mi-en-TER-ik) plexus ( mys , intestine), or plexus of Auerbach

Front 56

Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract

Back 56

The Mucosa
The Lamina Propria
The Submucosa
The Muscularis Externa
The Serosa

Front 57

The muscular layers of the digestive tract consist of

Back 57

visceral smooth muscle tissue.

Front 58

waves of muscular contractions that move a bolus , or small oval mass of digestive contents, along the length of the digestive tract

Back 58

Peristalsis

Front 59

These movements churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with intestinal secretions.

Back 59

Segmentation

Front 60

The mucosae of the cheeks, or lateral walls of the oral cavity, are supported by pads of fat and the ____ muscles.

Back 60

buccinator

Front 61

the space between the cheeks (or lips) and the teeth

Back 61

The vestibule

Front 62

the passageway between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.

Back 62

Fauces

Front 63

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone. This material, is called...

Back 63

dentin

Front 64

dentin, differs from bone in that ...

Back 64

...it does not contain cells

Front 65

The pulp cavity receives blood vessels and nerves from

Back 65

the root canal, a narrow tunnel located at the root , or base, of the tooth.

Front 66

A layer of _____ covers the dentin of the root, providing protection and firmly anchoring the periodontal ligament.

Back 66

cementum

Front 67

The dentin of the crown is covered by a layer of

Back 67

enamel

Front 68

blade-shaped teeth located at the front of the mouth

Back 68

Incisors

Front 69

useful for clipping or cutting, such as when you nip off the tip of a carrot stick

Back 69

Incisors

Front 70

conical, with a sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip

Back 70

cuspids (KUS-pidz), or canines

Front 71

They are used for tearing or slashing.

Back 71

cuspids (KUS-pidz), or canines

Front 72

very large, flattened crowns with prominent ridges, excel at crushing and grinding

Back 72

Molars

Front 73

The ______ a hollow muscular tube with a length of approximately ____ and diameter of ____

Back 73

Espohagus
25cm
2cm

Front 74

When your stomach is relaxed (empty), the mucosa is thrown into prominent folds called

Back 74

rugae

Front 75

...also secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Back 75

Parietal cells

Front 76

These cells secrete pepsinogen (pep-SIN-o-jen), an inactive proenzyme

Back 76

Chief cells (are most abundant near the base of a gastric gland)

Front 77

Pepsinogen is converted by the acid in the gastric lumen to ...

Back 77

pepsin, an active proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme

Front 78

the stomachs of newborn infants (but not of adults) produce _____ also known as _____

Back 78

rennin
chymosin
(and gastric lipase , enzymes important for the digestion of milk.)

Front 79

These enteroendocrine cells produce at least seven hormones, most notably, the hormone gastrin

Back 79

G cells (in the pyloric glands)

Front 80

What does gastrin do?

Back 80

stimulates secretion by both parietal and chief cells, as well as contractions of the gastric wall that mix and stir the gastric contents.

Front 81

the final segment of the small intestine (and longest)

Back 81

The ileum (3.5m)

Front 82

Where does the illeum end?

Back 82

ileocecal valve , a sphincter that controls the flow of materials from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine.

Front 83

What are plicae? (or plicae circulares)

Back 83

series of transverse folds in The intestinal lining

Front 84

What is the difference between plicae and rugae?

Back 84

Plicae are permanent, and do not disappear, rugae disappear as the stomach fills. P- greatly increase SA

Front 85

...transport materials that are unable to enter blood capillaries

Back 85

Lacteals

Front 86

When ____ arrives in the duodenum, _____ is released

Back 86

chyme
secretin

Front 87

On the liver's anterior surface, the ____ ____ marks the division between the organ's left lobe and the right lobe.

Back 87

falciform ligament

Front 88

The liver has ____ lobes

Back 88

4

Front 89

the basic functional units of the liver

Back 89

Liver lobules

Front 90

The gallbladder has two major functions:

Back 90

(1) bile storage and
(2) bile modification.

Front 91

Bile is secreted continuously, but is released into the duodenum only...

Back 91

...under the stimulation of CCK

Front 92

The major functions of the large intestine include

Back 92

(1) the reabsorption of water and the compaction of the intestinal contents into feces, (2) the absorption of important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and (3) the storage of fecal material prior to defecation.

Front 93

Three separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle-called the _____ are on the outer surfaces of the colon just deep to the _____

Back 93

taeniae coli
serosa

Front 94

the colon bends sharply to the left at the right colic flexure , or hepatic flexure , which marks the end of the ____ _____ and the beginning of the ___ ____

Back 94

ascending colon
transverse colon

Front 95

forms the last 15 cm (6 in.) of the digestive tract

Back 95

The rectum

Front 96

Carbohydrate digestion begins ___ ___ ____ by the action of ___ ___ from the ___ and ___ salivary glands.

Back 96

in the mouth
salivary amylase
parotid and submandibular

Front 97

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

Back 97

Glycolysis

Front 98

In this process, a series of enzymatic steps breaks the six-carbon glucose molecule into ...

Back 98

...two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

Front 99

for each glucose molecule processed, the cell gains ___ molecules of ATP

Back 99

36

Front 100

__ from glycolysis, __ from NADH generated in glycolysis, __ from the TCA cycle, and a total of __ from the ETS

Back 100

2
4
2
28

Front 101

The synthesis of most other types of lipids, including nonessential fatty acids and steroids, begins with

Back 101

acetyl-CoA

Front 102

____ ____ and ____ ____ , both 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids, cannot be synthesized. They are called ___ ___ ___, because they must be included in your diet.

Back 102

Linoleic acid
linolenic acid
essential fatty acids

Front 103

___ ___ ___ ___contain triglycerides manufactured by the liver, plus small amounts of phospholipids and cholesterol.

Back 103

Very low-density lipoproteins

Front 104

The primary function of VLDLs is ...

Back 104

...to transport these triglycerides to peripheral tissues.

Front 105

lipids are largely cholesterol and phospholipids.

Back 105

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)

Front 106

The primary function of HDLs is to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for ...

Back 106

...storage or excretion in the bile.

Front 107

it is called "good cholesterol."

Back 107

Because HDL cholesterol is returning from peripheral tissues and will not cause circulatory problems,

Front 108

The first step in amino acid catabolism is ....
This process requires a co-enzyme derivative of

Back 108

removal of the amino group ...
( pyridoxine).

Front 109

attaches the amino group of an amino acid to a keto acid

Back 109

Transamination

Front 110

Transamination converts the keto acid into an amino acid that can enter the cytosol...

Back 110

...and be used for protein synthesis

Front 111

the removal of an amino group and a hydrogen atom in a reaction that generates an ammonia molecule or an ammonium ion.

Back 111

Deamination

Front 112

Liver cells convert the ammonia to ____ , a relatively harmless water-soluble compound excreted in urine. The urea cycle is the reaction sequence involved in the production of urea.

Back 112

urea

Front 113

continues until glycogen accounts for about 5 percent of the total liver weight.

Back 113

Glycogenesis (glycogen formation)
If excess glucose remains in the bloodstream, hepatocytes (liver cells) use glucose to synthesize triglycerides.

Front 114

Growing children, athletes, persons recovering from an illness or injury, and pregnant or lactating women actively synthesize

Back 114

N compounds
Such individuals are in a state of positive nitrogen balance . When excretion exceeds ingestion, a negative nitrogen balance exists.

Front 115

when exposed to sunlight, your skin can synthesize small amounts of ___ __ and intestinal bacteria produce some ___ ___

Back 115

vitamin D
Vitamin K